Erythritols

The other tetritols were formerly called d-and /-erythritol, but have been renamed L-and D-threitol respectively. A racemic form can also be prepared,... 

Treatment with hydrogen peroxide converts butenediol to 2,3-epoxy-l,4-butanediol (105) or gives hydroxylation to erythritol [149-32-6], C H qO (106). Under strongly acidic conditions, tetrahydro-3,4-furanediol is the principal product (107). 

Fig. 1. Stmctures of the tetritols (a) erythritol, (b) D-threitol, and (c) L-threitol and the pentitols (d) ribitol, (e) D-arabinitol, (f) L-arabinitol, and (g) xyhtol.

Separated polyols are detected by a variety of reagents, including ammoniacal silver nitrate (175), concentrated sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate (163), lead tetraacetate, and potassium teUuratocuprate (176). A mixture of sodium metaperiodate and potassium permanganate can be used to detect as htde as 5—8 ).tg of mannitol or erythritol (177). 

Sweetness is often an important characteristic of sugar alcohols in food and pharmaceutical applications. The property of sweetness is measured in a variety of ways and has a corresponding variability in ratings (218). Based on one or more test methods, erythritol and xyfitol are similar to or sweeter than sucrose (218,219). Sorbitol is about 60% as sweet as sucrose, and mannitol, D-arabinitol, ribitol, maltitol, isomalt, and lactitol are generally comparable to sorbitol (see Sweeteners). 

Erythritol, 1,4-anhydro-, sodium chlorate complex X-ray, 4, 546 <74AX(B)1590>... 

NMR, 4, 575 Erythritol, 1,4-anhydro-structure, 4, 546 Erythromycin antibacterial veterinary use, 1, 206 as pharmaceutical, 1, 153 synthesis, 1, 480 Erythropterin biosynthesis, 3, 321 occurence, 3, 323 structure, 3, 276 synthesis, 3, 289 Erythropterin, 3,5-dimethyl-methyl ester synthesis, 3, 303 Erythrosine application, 3, 879 Esculetin... 

We have noted above (Sect. 8.3) that certain substituted benzoic acids have been used in the synthesis of endolipophilic cryptands but it is the glycerol and penta-erythritol units which have been used most commonly in this application. These are discussed separately, below. 

Coxon and Stoddart have directed their attention to the formation of penta-erythritol-derived cryptands. With these molecules, the strategy was to block one pair of hydroxyl groups as an acetal and form a crown from the remaining diol. In the first of the two reports cited above, this was accomplished by treating the 0-benzylidine derivative of pentaerythritol with base and diethylene glycol ditosylate. The crown was then treated with a mixture of UAIH4 and BF3 which gives partial reduction of the acetal as shown in (8.9), above. The monoprotected diol could now be treated in a fashion similar to that previously described and the benzyloxy cryptand (77) would result. The scheme is illustrated below as Eq. (8.10). 

The action of hydriodic acid on gdycerol is typical of the polyhychic alcohols. Hychiodic acid converts erythritol into secondary butyl iodide, and mannitol into secondaiy hexyl iodide. The normal iodides are never formed. 

PNDA = p-dinitroso diphenyl amine PETA-penta erythritol triacrylate DHBP-peroxy hexane values in parentheses are after aging at 100°C, 72 h. 

An examination has, therefore, been made of the effect of solutions of potassium chloride on the electrolytic resistance of films cast from a penta-erythritol alkyd, a phenolformaldehyde tung oil and an epoxypolyamide varnishPotassium chloride was chosen because its conductivity is well known and unpigmented films were first examined in order to eliminate the complexities of polymer/pigment interaction. 

Fig. 14.2 Relationship between the logarithm of the resistance of D and / Aims of a penta-erythritol alkyd paint, containing 6-1% iron oxide by volume, and the concentration of the potassium chloride solutions in which they were immersed (courtesy Bril. Polym. J., 3, 41...

The unknown phosphate ester had the same electrophoretic mobility as 2-deoxy ribitol 5-phosphate and it seemed reasonable to expect that in the conditions used (0.1 M pyridinium acetate buffer of pH 5) 2-deoxy ribitol-4- and -5-phosphates would behave similarly therefore it was considered probable that the unknown phosphate ester is 2-deoxy ribitol 4-phosphate, resulting from the reduction of the periodate resistant 2-deoxy ribose 4-phosphate. However, the possibility that both 2-deoxy ribitol 4-phosphate and 2-deoxy erythritol 3-phosphate (formed from... 

Aubertein Rehling (Ref 15) have shown that treatment with water at approx 100° causes PETN to hydrolyze. At 125° and under pressure, hydrolysis proceeds quite quickly, and is considerably enhanced by the presence of 0.1% HNO3. Regardless of whether it occurs in water alone or in water acidified with nitric acid, the hydrolysis produces mainly Penta-erythritol Dinitrate. A dil NaOH soln causes PETN to hydrolyze.more rapidly than acidified water. PETN neither reduces Fehling s reagent nor enters into addition products with any aromatic nitro compd. In this respect it differs from both Erythritol Tetranitrate and Nitro-mannitol... 

Penta-erythritol Diacetate Dipropionate", ERDE 11/M/58 (Oct 1958), AD 206266 (DDCSTI users only) 6) V. Pasquale, Feasibility Study on Using Low Acetyl Cellulose Acetate Inhibitor for Production Cast Grains , NOSIH TR 317 (10 July 1970), AD 510578 (Conf) 7) CPIA Solid Propellant Manual , CPIA/M2 (28 Jan 1974), unit 1069 (Conf)... 

Initially, attempts to grow the organism on sodium acetate as the sole source of carbon were unsuccessful, but the difficulties were overcome and mannitol, arabinitol, erythritol, glycerol, maltose, and a,a-trehalose were produced. This was a useful development because conditions were established for the incorporation of [14C] acetate, thereby making labeled polyols and disaccharides available. 

Racemates may be indicated by the prefix DL-. Structures that have a plane of symmetry and are therefore optically inactive (e.g. erythritol, galactitol) are called meso forms and may be given the prefix meso- . 

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