Sugar alcohols erythritol

Tetritols. The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutenes. These include the sugar alcohols erythritol and DL-erythritol which can be nitrated to stable expls. See in Vol 5, E123-L to E125-L under Erythritol... (thru). .. Erythritol Tetranitrate (ErTeN). . and in this Vol under Sugar Alcohols and Their Nitrated Derivatives ... 

Veiga-da-Gunha et al. (1993) observed that O. oeni produced another sugar alcohol, erythritol, anaerobically from glucose but not from fructose or ribose. In the presence of oxygen, synthesis of this sugar alcohol was absent. In agreement, Firme et al. (1994) reported erythritol production by this bacterium under N2 or COg environments. As with the formation of mannitol, synthesis of erythritol is probably related to the cell s need to reoxidize NADPH under anaerobic conditions. 

Sweetness is often an important characteristic of sugar alcohols in food and pharmaceutical applications. The property of sweetness is measured in a variety of ways and has a corresponding variability in ratings (218). Based on one or more test methods, erythritol and xyfitol are similar to or sweeter than sucrose (218,219). Sorbitol is about 60% as sweet as sucrose, and mannitol, D-arabinitol, ribitol, maltitol, isomalt, and lactitol are generally comparable to sorbitol (see Sweeteners). 

Erythritol (= 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol) (tetrose sugar alcohol) Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae), Primula sp. (Primulaceae), Poaceae green algae, fungi, lichens Sweet (2 X >sucrose)... 

The fourth group in ascending the series of sugar alcohols is the tetritols, of which the most available compound is erythritol. This compound is meso-butanetetrol-1,2,3,4 and was assigned the name, ery-thrite, by Berthelot in 1860. The present names of the compound, erythrol and erythritol, are modifications of erythrite. Erythritol is a white crystalline powder, with a sweetness more than twice that of sucrose. ... 

One observes from the studies conducted by Beck that although the three carbon atom sugar alcohol, glycerol, is completely metabolized, neither erythritol nor erythritan is available as a food to the animal body and each is refractory to biologic decomposition. 

Isomannide contains two free hydroxyl groups the compound is easily nitrated, producing a white crystalline compound. This compound produces a reduction of the arterial tension in many species of animals and man. It was studied extensively by Krantz and associates and has had limited use in therapeutics. The hexanitrate of mannitol, the tetranitrate of erythritol, and glycerol trinitrate readily decompose when treated with dilute alkali. The dinitrate of isomannide is refractory to hydrolysis and by means of this, it was demonstrated that the depressor responses elicited by the nitrates of the sugar alcohols were due to the effect of their intact molecules and not to the products of hydrolytic cleavage and reduction. ... 

The solution and solid state structures of the following sugar alcohols are discussed in separate sections erythritol 1, D-threitol 2, xylitol 3, D-arabitol 4, ribitol 5, D-mannitol 6, dulcitol 7, and D-sorbitol 8. 

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) that occurs as a white or almost white powder or granular or crystalline substance. It is pleasant tasting with a mild sweetness approximately 60-70% ... 

Another class of polyol compounds that have been widely used as sugar substitutes is that of sugar alcohols. The most important of these sugar substitutes are erythritol, glycerol, mannitol (hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol), and sorbitol. Figure 1 shows the molecular models of glycerol and sorbitol. It can be appreciated that sorbitol has a chemical constitution very similar to that of monosaccharides, yet it has been used as sugar substitute since the body metabolizes it slowly. 

In general, intermolecular [2 -I- 2] photocycloaddition of simple alkenes does not show satisfactory regioselective control. An approach to improve the reaction selectivity is use of a tether to constrain the reactive alkene functional groups proximate to each other and therefore allow the photocycloaddition to proceed. Tethers which have been employed include sugar alcohols such as d-maimitol and L-erythritol [101], diazacrown ethers [102], cyclophane [103], and silanes [104]. In all cases, the tether preorganized alkenes yield head-to-head adducts. The silane-tethered method can bind different alkene groups as well as alkynes, as shown in Scheme 27 [105]. Photoreactions of polyacetylenes and alkenes have also been investigated [106]. 

C4H,o04, Mr 122.12, a sugar alcohol occurring in the (2/J,3/ )-form in the edible honey mushroom Armil-laria mellea) and some plants. The 1,4-0-bismethane-sulfonate of the (2S,35)-form is used as a cytostatic drug. Both enantiomers of T. melt between 88-89 C, the racemate at 72 C. d-T. [a]o 44.3 (H2O). The meso-form is known as erythritol. 

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