Errors hazard detection

One element of safety management is to look at the behavior of employees and the organizational culture. Everyone has a responsibility for safety and should participate in management system efforts. Modern organization safety has progressed from safety by compliance to a more appropriate concept of prevention by planning. Reliance on compliance could translate to after-the-fact hazard detection that does not identify organizational errors that are often the contributors to incidents [5]. 

After the incident, an investigation team determined that the first operator had not added the initiator when required earlier in the process. When the relief operator added the initiator, the entire monomer mass was in the reactor and the reaction was too energetic for the cooling system to handle. Errors by both operators contributed to the runaway. Both operators were performing many tasks. The initiator should have been added much earlier in the process when much smaller quantities of monomer were present. There was also no procedure to require supervision review if residual monomers were detected. The lesson learned was that operators need thorough training and need to be made aware of significant hazardous scenarios that could develop. 

An opportimity for error recovery would have been to implement a checking stage by a supervisor or independent worker, since this was a critical maintenance operation. However, this had not been done. Another aspect of the unforgiving environment was the vulnerability of the system to a single human error. The fact that the critical water jacket flow was dependent upon a single pump was a poor design that would have been detected if a hazard identification technique such as a hazard and operability study (HAZOP) had been used to assess the design. 

Once again, we request all users to inform us of any hazards of which they are aware and of which we are not, as also of any errors they find (regretfully, I must admit that some will certainly have escaped detection). Thanks are given to all those who have contributed to this and previous editions. 

Because small amounts of radium radionuclides in environmental samples may be regarded as hazardous, it is usually necessary to detect very small quantities of radium which may require processing large quantities of sample (Quinby-Hunt et al. 1986). This introduces possibilities for contamination and sample loss. Specifically, in the case of water samples, sorption of the radionuclide to container walls and to suspended matter may be important sources of error. 

Errors in chemical analyses are seldom this dramatic, but they may have equally serious effects, as described in this chapter. Among other applications, analytical results are often used in the diagnosis of disease, in the assessment of hazardous wastes and pollution, in the solving of major crimes, and in the quality control of itiSustrial products. Errors in these results can have serious personal and societal effects. This chapter considers the various types of errors encountered in chemical analyses and the methods we can use to detect them. 

Safety-Constraint Violated Critical variables (including those in software) must be monitored and errors detected before launch. Potentially hazardous anomalies detected at the launch site must be formally logged and thoroughly investigated and handled. 

Texture The texture of a surface can also lead to visual errors and accidents. For example, a textured pattern in a carpet that continues from a floor to stairs can create an illusion. Someone looking at the floor may not detect where the stairs begins, may mis-step and faU. It is better to use non-texture finishes on stairs and certain walking surfaces. A change in finish may help someone see that the change reflects a change in elevation or a potential tripping hazard. 

Code hazard analysis Those safety-critical subsystem modules that have been identified are further scrutinized at the code level. This analysis reviews things such as fault tolerance, operations sequencing, timing, error detection, and recovery operations. 

---