Equipment in the Process

For existing equipment designed and constructed many years ago in accordance with the codes and standards available at that time and no longer in general use today. 

Examples of mechanisms used to trigger employee involvement include establishing safety committees attended by employees and management representatives as well as unit safety meetings, training, involvanent in incident investigation teams and others. 

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Once the flowsheet structure has been defined, a simulation of the process can be carried out. A simulation is a mathematical model of the process which attempts to predict how the process would behave if it was constructed (see Fig. 1.1b). Having created a model of the process, we assume the flow rates, compositions, temperatures, and pressures of the feeds. The simulation model then predicts the flow rates, compositions, temperatures, and pressures of the products. It also allows the individual items of equipment in the process to be sized and predicts how much raw material is being used, how much energy is being consumed, etc. The performance of the design can then be evaluated. 

The written process safety information shall be prepared by the employer before conducting process hazard analysis. It shall include information on hazards of the hazardous chemicafs used or produced by the process, information pertaining to the technology of the process, and information pertaining to the equipment in the process. 

Electric motors are the most common drivers for the m ority of pumps, compressors, agitators, and similar equipment in the process industries. Process engineers should obtain the assistance of a qualified electrical engineer before completing motor specifications ior the wide variety of equipment applications and respective power sources. The use of standard specifications for the various types and classes of motors is helpful and reduces repetitious details. Be certain that the type of motor is properly matched to the service, atmosphere, load characteristics, and available type and power factor of the electrical energy to drive the motor. Some basic guides are summarized, but they cannot be used as all-inclusive rules to fit all plant or equipment condi-... 

Has all equipment been inspected as scheduled Yes. The maintenance personnel have inspected the equipment in the process area according to company inspection standards. 

Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) This method tabulates a list of equipment in the process along with all the possible failure modes for each item. The effect of a particular failure is considered with respect to the process. 

A processing plant is a physical system containing a large number of units and streams. For example, counting the equipment in the processing section as well as in the service section (considering mixers and stream dividers) of a petrochemical plant reveals the existence of approximately 1000 interconnected units and about 2500 streams. If we also take into account that in each stream the variables of interest can be flowrate, composition, temperature, pressure, and enthalpy, it is evident that data treatment in a typical plant involves the solution of a large-scale problem. 

Poly (3,3-Bis(Chloromethyl)Oxetane) This is marketed by Hercules as Penton chlorinated polyether. Its thermal, flame, and chemical resistance are used primarily for corrosion-resistant equipment in the process industries, such as valves, fittings, pumps, meters, and linings for steel pipe and tanks, for service in many corrosive atmospheres up to 250°F. or higher. At 4.50/pound, growth possibilities appear limited by increasing competition from lower-cost materials. 

After a careful study of existing process trains and options available, it was decided to install a coalescer unit downstream of all major process equipment to treat the produced water before it is injected uuo the disposal formation. As part of this project, a few major modifications were carried out toihe equipment in the process train. 

The new framework for maintenance analysis and optimization is demonstrated using the well-known Tennessee Eastman (TE) plant. The description and the process flowsheet for the TE process can be formd in the literature, e.g. in Ricker and Lee (1995). The list of equipments in the process is given in table 2. 

Information pertaining to the equipment in the process shall include ... 

Typically, a chemical plant must provide its own refrigeration, either offsite, or more typically onsite. Petroleum refineries use light-hydrocarbon refrigerants, while other plants may consider ammonia and R-134a, unless very low temperatures (<—30°F) are required, where cascade refrigeration systems are often used, as discussed in Examples 10.19 and 10.21. These systems are often included with the equipment in the process flowsheet. 

Movement of heavy loads near process equipment Crane hauling or movement of heavy loads or vehicles near process or other equipment containing hazardous materials Removal or installation of heavy parts of equipment in the process plant by a crane... 

A system composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements for the purpose of taking the process, or specific equipment in the process, to a safe state when predetermined conditions are violated. The system is designed to isolate, de-energize, shut down, or depressure equipment in a process unit. 

Information pertaining to the equipment in the process, (i) Information pertaining to the equipment in the process shall include ... 

Equipment in the process and their failure including electrical, control and instrumentation (EC I) system D ardware (HW) and software (SW)]... 

Equipment requirement Equipment requirements identify the equipment to be used to implement a specific part of the procedure. At the master recipe level, the equipment requirements are specified, as allowable equipment in process cells. Based on guidance from the general or site recipe, it is possible for the master recipe to identify the equipment of the train rather than the full range of equipment in the process cell, [ISA 88]. At the control recipe level, the equipment requirements are the same as, or a subset of, the allowable equipment in the master recipe. 

Failures of handling and transportation equipment in the process of refuelling and fuel transportation. 

All the major pieces of equipment in the process will be represented on the diagram along with a... 

Similar calculations can be made for the reactor/mixer for processes B and C in Table 3.4. and these results are given in Table 3.5 along with the cycle times for each process. It should be noted that even for a preliminary design and cost estimate, other attributes of the equipment should also be considered. For exanple, in order to specify fully the reactor and estimate its cost, the heating duty and the size of the motor for the mixer inpeller must be calculated. To sinplify the current exanple, only the volumes of the reactor are considered, but it should be understood that other relevant equipment properties must also be considered before a final design can be conpleted. This procedure should be applied to all the equipment in the process. 

Select the equipment specifications (parameters) for each piece of equipment in the process. 

In order to analyze these problems, the input/output model for an entire process must be understood, as must the equipment-independent and equipment-dependent relationships for each piece of equipment in the process. This is illustrated in Exartple 16.3. 

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