Fixed Equipment

Directional water spray protection on specific equipment (fixed water spray). 

Equipment = fixed-rate peristaltic pump control and data acquisition via workbench on Macintosh platform gas chromatograph and UV-VIS spectrophotometer for analysis... 

Plutonium-contaminated wastes, which mainly comprise paper, gloves, and contaminated, unserviceable equipment fix)m the maintenance of plants handling plutonium, can be treated in the following ways combustible waste—incineration and acid digestion and noncombustible waste— decontamination by electropolishing or ultrasonic washing. 

Detail design diagrams and drawings for equipment fixings and installation for both large and small equipment. 

Objective function (26.1) tries to minimize repair equipments fixed installation costs and transportation costs. The transportation costs include costs of shipping (1) products from collection centers to repair facilities and vice versa, (2) spare parts from plants to repair facilities, (3) new products from plants to repair facilities,... 

Handling sucii removable items as relief valves and valve drives for off-site repair and catalyst loading can be achieved by fixed handling devices or by mobile equipment. Fixed handling devices can be davits or, for structure-mounted reactors, trolley beams. Exhibit 9-25 depicts a typical davit arrangement, and Exhibit 9-26 shows a trolley beam arrangement. 

In this section, wide-field deconvolution microscopy will be treated as an alternative to confocal microscopy because it is more flexible, and under some circumstances, more appropriate. Despite the use of common equipment, fixed and living sample acquisition protocols will be treated separately because the different constraints associated with these protocols ultimately end up leading to individual setups. 

The equipment fixes itself to the pipe when operating trouble occurs. 

Table B.6 Equipment / fixed cost (FCFSp, (m.u./Mg)) and investment (Price fi (m.u./kg))...

Figure 3.1 Chemical detection equipment. Fixed Site/Remote Chemical Agent Detector using ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS). Image courtesy of Environmental Technologies Group Inc., Hauppauge, NY...

Fixed-bed reactors in the form of gas absorption equipment are used commonly for noncatalytic gas-liquid reactions. Here the packed bed serves only to give good contact between the gas and liquid. Both cocurrent and countercurrent operations are used. Countercurrent operation gives the highest reaction rates. Cocurrent operation is preferred if a short liquid residence time is required. 

There can be an element of maintenance costs that is fixed and an element which is variable. Fixed maintenance costs cover routine maintenance such as regular maintenance on safety valves which must be carried out irrespective of the rate of production. There also can be an element of maintenance costs which is variable. This arises from the fact that certain items of equipment can need more maintenance as the production rate increases. Also, royalties which cover the cost of purchasing another company s process technology may have different bases. Royalties may be a variable cost, since they can sometimes be paid in proportion to the rate of production. Alternatively, the royalty might be a single-sum payment at the beginning of the project. In this case, the single-sum payment will become part of the project s capital investment. As such, it will be included in the annual capital repayment, and this becomes part of the fixed cost. 

In Section 13.2, it was suggested that opex is estimated at the development planning stage based upon a percentage of cumulafive capex (fixed opex) plus a cosf per barrel of hydrocarbon production (variable opex). This method has been widely applied, with the percentages and cost per barrel values based on previous experience in the area. One obvious flaw in this method is that as oil production declines, so does the estimate of opex, which is nof the common experience as equipment ages it requires more maintenance and breaks down more frequently. 

In Austria, as well as all over Europe, the first and repetition tests of all pressure equipments including steam drums are required for security reasons within fixed time intervals. These repetitive inspections are done differently in the most European countries, but most time these inspections include, according to the European Pressure Equipment Directive" and the specific national law any kind of over-pressurisation (e.g. hydrotest) and visual inside inspection. 

A mechanics-free airborne sound location system is used in order to record the probe movement and the rotation direction of the probe relative to the weld. Two airborne sound transmitters are arranged on the probe holder and two receivers are fixed on a 50 cm long rail equipped with two magnetic pads The exact probe position and rotation direction is continuously determined by system. 

Nomenclature is the compilation of descriptions of things and technical terms in a special field of knowledge, the vocabulary ofa technical language. In the history of chemistry, a systematic nomenclature became significant only rather late. In the early times of alchemy, the properties of the substance or its appearance played a major role in giving a compound a name. Libavius was the first person who tried to fix some kind of nomenclature in Alckeinia in 1,597. In essence, he gave names to chemical equipment and processes (methods, names that are often still valid in our times. 

Oxidation Step. A review of mechanistic studies of partial oxidation of propylene has appeared (58). The oxidation process flow sheet (Fig. 2) shows equipment and typical operating conditions. The reactors are of the fixed-bed shell-and-tube type (about 3—5 mlong and 2.5 cm in diameter) with a molten salt coolant on the shell side. The tubes are packed with catalyst, a small amount of inert material at the top serving as a preheater section for the feed gases. Vaporized propylene is mixed with steam and ak and fed to the first-stage reactor. The feed composition is typically 5—7% propylene, 10—30%... 

Batch Extractors. Coarse soHds are leached by percolation in fixed or moving-bed equipment. Both open and closed tanks (qv) having false bottoms are used, into which the soHds are dumped to a uniform depth and then treated with the solvent by percolation, immersion, or intermittent drainage methods. 

Cost Calculation. The main elements determining production cost are identical for fine chemicals and commodities (see Economic evaluation), a breakdown of production cost is given in Table 2. In multipurpose plants, where different fine chemicals occupying the equipment to different extents are produced during the year, a fair allocation of costs is a more difficult task. The allocation of the product-related costs, such as raw material and utiHties, is relatively easy. It is much more difficult to allocate for capital cost, labor, and maintenance. A simplistic approach is to define a daily rent by dividing the total yearly fixed cost of the plant by the number of production days. But that approach penalizes the simple products using only part of the equipment. 

When the heat duty requirement, is specified and the fluid temperature change, AT, is fixed, as a result of operating or equipment limitations, the required volumetric pumping rate from the heat balance is... 

Fixed-Bed Vapor-Phase Oxidation of Naphthalene. A sihca gel or sihcon carbide support is used for catalyst involved in the oxidation of naphthalene. The typical naphthalene oxidation catalyst is a mixture of vanadium oxide and alkali metal sulfate on the siUca support. Some changes, such as the introduction of feed vaporizers, are needed to handle a naphthalene feed (14), but otherwise the equipment is the same. 

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