Epoxy resins reinforcement

Similar to composite propellants, flexibilized epoxy or novolac epoxy resins reinforced with fillers or fibers are used for inhibition of fuel-rich propellants. 

Rubber as the Disperse Phase. In polyblend systems, a rubber is masticated mechanically with a polymer or dissolved in a polymer solution. At the conclusion of blending, a rubber is dispersed in a resin as particles of spherical or irregular shape. We can further subdivide this system into three classes according to the major intermolecular forces governing adhesion (a) by dispersion forces—e.g., the polyblend of two incompatible polymers, (b) by dipole interaction—e.g., the polyblend of polyvinyl chloride and an acrylonitrile rubber (56), and (c) by covalent bond—e.g., an epoxy resin reinforced with an acid-containing elastomer reported by McGarry (43). 

SZABO J. S., ROMHANY G., CZIGANY T., KARGER-KOCSIS J., Interpenetrating vinylester/epoxy resins reinforced by flax fiber mat, Advanced Composites Letters, 12, 113-118, 2003. 

Fibers having an aspect ratio of above 10, such as glass fibers, asbestos, wollastonite, cellulose fibers, carbon fibers, and whiskers, act as reinforcing agents. Composites may be classified into four groups, as shown in Table II. In modern composites, such as in the case of epoxy resins reinforced with carbon fibers (51). the polymer matrix has only a secondary function to separate the individual fibers from one another and to transfer energy to the fiber surface the fibers almost completely withstand the mechanical load. 

T. 0. Larsen, T. L. Andersen, B. Thoming, A. Horsewell, and M. E. Vigild. Comparison of friction and wear for an epoxy resin reinforced by a glass or a carbon/aramid hybrid weave. Wear, 262(7-8) 1013-1020, March 2007. 

The surface of the model is covered with a uniform layer of clay or plasticine. The thickness of the spacing layer determines the thickness of the final mold. The next step is to build up a rigid layer on top of the spacer. This support is either poured (plaster or casting resin) or built up in layers by spreading the material (polyester, polyurethane or epoxy resin reinforced with fiberglass matting). Once the support has set, it is separated from the spacer, which is then discarded. The support, which must contain air-escape and feeding holes, is now fitted over the model. The silicone rubber is poured into the hollow space between the support and the model and allowed to cure. The... 

Larsen T0, Andersen TL, Thorning B, Horsewell A, Vigild ME. Comparison of friction and wear for an epoxy resin reinforced... 

Shih studied the thermal behavior of an epoxy resin reinforced with water bamboo husks fibres and powders [42]. The char yield increased from 8.9 % for the epoxy resin to 10.1-13.6 % for the composites containing 10 % bamboo fibres or powder. The results showed that the addition of bamboo powder or fibres to epoxy systems would raise the char yield of the sample, therefore could improve the flame retardancy of these materials. Similar results were obtained in the case of Phormium tenax fibres reinforced epoxy composites, containing 20 % fibres. The presence of plant fibres determined an increase of the composites thermal stability, due to the improved fibre-matrix interactions [43]. 

Epoxy resin reinforced with 50 vol.% boron fibers 2020 201 6.1-30 ... 

Epoxy resin reinforced with 60 vol.% zirconia glass fibers 2004 45 1426 ... 

Figure 4.56 TMA curves in three directions for epoxy resin reinforced with glass-fiber [76). Sample size, 7 X 7 X 1.6 mm heating rate, 2.5 "C min load, 1 g x, y and 2, directions of stretching...

Finally, the most extraordinary result achieved by the aviation industry in recent years, the tiltrotor BA 609 (an aircraft which takes off and lands like a helicopter and flies like an aeroplane, thanks to its balancing engine which allows it to turn the propeller into a helicopter rotor and vice versa), has its primary structure made of epoxy resin reinforced by carbon fibers. This is the only engineering solution that allows both to limit the total weight and to compensate for the weight burden due to the addition of systems for the aircraft/helicopter conversion (Sala, 2006). 

Jana S and Zhong W H (2007), FTIR study of ageing epoxy resin reinforced by reactive graphitic nanofibers , J Appl Polym Sci, 106, 3555-3563. doi 10.1002/app.26925. 

Liu LQ, Wagner HD. Rubbery and glassy epoxy resins reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Compos Sci Technol September 2005 65 1861-8. 

Chen HT, Gao J, Wang G, Shi SQ, Zhang SB, Cai LP (2004) Effect on temperature on calcium carbonate deposition in situ on bamboo fiber and polymer interfaces. Wood Fiber Sci 46 1-12 Datta C, Basu D, Baneijee AN (2002) Mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties of jute fibers-Novolac-Epoxy composite laminates. J App Polym Sci 85 2800-2807 Garea SA, Nicolescu A, Deleanu C, lovu H (2010) New nanocomposites based on epoxy resins reinforced with modified montmorillonite. Int J Polym Anal Charact 15 497-508 Ghosh P, Mitra PS, Baneijee AN (2003) Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate with the use of bromine as photoinitiator. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed ll(8) 2021-2030 Jia N, Li SM, Ma MG, Sun RC, Zhu L (2011) Green microwave-assisted synthesis of cellulose/ calcium silicate nanocomposites in ionic liquids and recycled ionic liquids. Caibohydr Res 34 2970-2974... 

Materials with highly cross-linked epoxy resin reinforced with woven fiber glass are the most common in use. Bromine is reacted with the epoxy matrix and is used to provide fire retar-dancy. Most epoxy-based materials satisfy the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) classification of V-0 for fire retardancy. The generic term for this family of epoxy resin materials is FR-4, with FR standing for flame retardant and 4 an assigned number indicating epoxy. Epoxyfiberglass materials are sold by many snpphers and have become a commodity material. 

Electronic baseboards are used for mounting the chips, transistors and other elements of electronic circuitry. They are generally made of either phenolic resin reinforced with cellulose (paper), or epoxy resin reinforced with glass fibre.Their principal purpose is to give physical support to the circuit elements while insulating them from... 

Figure 18.8 represents the volumetric shrinkage of SC-15 epoxy resin modified with 3 wt% of Cloisite 30B nanoclay and cured using different cycles. It can be seen that the case of SC-15 epoxy resin reinforced with 3 wt% Cloisite 30B nanoclay is similar to the case of SC-15 epoxy resin reinforced with 3 wt% Cloisite 20A nanoclay. Both cases demonstrate the increase of shrinkage after postcuring of RT-vitrified... 

SC-15 epoxy resin reinforced with 3 wt% nanoclay. Furthermore, postcuring of RT-vitrified SC-15 epoxy resin reinforced with 3 wt% nanoclay yields in lower shrinkage compared with the OC cycle. 

It was shown that, regardless of the SC-15 epoxy resin reinforcement, the postcuring of RT-vitrified SC-15 epoxy resin yields lower volumetric shrinkage compared with the OC cycle. It was found that in case of pristine SC-15 and 3 wt% Glass Bubble-reinforced SC-15 resins, the postcuring of RT-vitrified epoxy resin tends to reduce the volumetric shrinkage occurring after epoxy resin vitrification. 

M. J. Assael, K. D. Antoniadis, and D. Tzetzis, "The use of the transient hot-wire technique for measurement of the thermal conductivity of an epoxy-resin reinforced with glass fibres and/or carbon multi-walled nanotubes," Composites Science and Technology, vol. 68, pp. 3178-3183,2008. 

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