Epididymal fat pad

Barrand MA, Robertson KJ, von Weikersthal SF. Comparisons of P-glycoprotein expression in isolated rat brain microvessels and in primary cultures of endothelial cells derived from microvasculature of rat brain, epididymal fat pad and from aorta. FEBS Lett 1995 374 179-183. 

Bowen RAR, Clandinin MT. High dietary 18 3n-3 increases the 18 3n-3 but not the 22 6n-3contentin the whole body, brain, skin, epididymal fat pads, and muscles of suckling rat pups. Lipids 2000 35 389-394. Bowen RAR, Wierzbicki AA, Clandinin MT. Does increasing dietary linolenic acid content increase the... 

Recently, a semisynthetic deoxynorjirimycin derivative Bay o 1248 (20), which is absorbed from the intestine and does not produce carbohydrate malabsorption, was reported as a potent glucosidase inhibitor exhibiting strong sucrase and maltase inhibitory activity and no amylase inhibition. Administration of which has a longer duration of action than acarbose, reduces food intake, body weight gain and epididymal fat pad weight in rats. ... 

At variance with the decrea.sed release of free fatty acid by mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissue from fasted or semifasted adrenalectomized rats (Reshef and Shapiro, 1960 Schotz et cd., 1959) and the in vitro effects of adrenocortical steroids (Jeanrenaud and Renold, 1960) is the report of Levy and Ramey (1959). These workers measured the extractable lipid in the epididymal fat pads of rats before and after a 12-hour fast they reported that the loss of lipid from the adipose ti.ssue stores of adrenalectomized rats exceeds that from normal rats. They further observed that the prior... 

Figure 8 Following deposition of mussel-inspired cPEG adhesive at the mouse epididymal fat pad, little to no inflammatory response is obsen/ed 3 days (a), 2 weeks (b), 6 weeks (c), and 1 year (d) postsurgeiy. Adhesive, AD epididymal fat tissue, EF scale bar = 200 urn all images Reprinted from Brubaker, C. E. Kissler, H. Wang, L. J. etal. Biomaterials 31,420. Copyright 2010, with permission from Elsevier...

Mammalian acetyl-CoA carboxylase also seems to be subject to regulation by phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation. Phosphorylation with one mol of phosphate/mol of rat liver carboxylase subunit causes complete inactivation (Lent and Kim, 1980). The reactions have also been studied using preparations from the rat epididymal fat pad (Krakower and Kim, 1981). Long-term regulation of the carboxylase is caused by diet, thyroxine and insulin. Total enzyme amounts also change during cell differentiation and development (reviewed by Volpe and Vagelos, 1976). 

Clearly it is incorrect to consider the nonoxidative phase of the P.p.c. as a fixed, albeit fairly complex mechanism for the conversion of 3 molecules of pentose phosphate into a triose phosphate and 2 molecules of hexose phosphate. There exists a network of possible reactions, which can change in emphasis, depending on the tissue, and possibly on the physiological state of the tissue. Thus, in rat epididymal fat pad, isotopic labeling suggests that the older scheme of Horecker operates for the metabolism of pentose phosphates. Operation of the new scheme in plants would provide an explanation of the Gibbs effect (see). Other workers [T.Wood A. Gascon Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2Q3 (1980) 727-733] have reported their failure to demonstrate the interconversion of D-arabinose S-phosphate and D-ribose S-phosphate, or the role of D-arabinose S-phosphate as an acceptor for transketolase in baker s yeast, Candida ulilis, or rat liver. 

Tokushima fatty rats had omental fat pads that were 14% smaller than controls, but the CLA response was more striking in the epididymal fat pad, which was 44% smaller than controls (14). In Zucker rats, the CLA response was affected by genotype. Lean Zucker rats fed CLA at 0.5% of the diet had smaller retroperitoneal fat pads compared with lean controls, but obese Zucker rats given CLA had heavier retroperitoneal fat pads compared with obese controls (13). 

On the side adjacent to the endothelium the cytoplasm contains a dense meshwork of fine filaments, whereas on the outer surface numerous pi-nocytotic vesicles are observed (Weibel 1974). Pulmonary pericytes influenced the actin distribution of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (Shepro and Morel 1993). Pericytes enhanced the formation of a distinct dense peripheral band at microvascular endothelial cell periphery and promoted close apposition of adjacent endothelial cells. Transforming growth factor-P appears to mediate this pericyte-endothehal interaction. The role played by TGF-P is supported by the finding that this agonist modulates extracellular matrix organisation and the formation of tubelike structures with apparent tight junctions in three-dimensional cultures of rat epididymal fat pad microvascular en-dothehal cells (Merwin et al. 1990). 

Knittle, J.L. and Hirsch, J. Effect of early nutrition on the development of rat epididymal fat pads Cellularity and metabolism. J. Clin. Invest., 47, 2091-2098, 1968. 

Personal investigations were made on the influence of amines indigenous to the body on the peripheral circulation in the epididymal fat pad of living rats. The effects of applying amines in a continuous drip (60 drops/ min) were observed under a microscope and recorded photographically. 

Cells were isolated from epididymal fat pads (3) of 5-7 weeks old Ivanovas mice and incubated in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing various amounts of different cations and 3. 5% human serum albumin. Tlj media were kept isotonic and at pH 7. 4. The incorporation of U C D-Glucose into and total lipids was measured and used as an expression of glucose uptake (4). Results are expressed as uatoms glucose carbon incorporated into CO or total lipids, per gram total lipid weight, per 2 hours of incubation. 

Raising intracellular levels of cyclic AMP stimulates lipolysis in fat pads and isolated cells (4) probably by activating the triglyceride lipase. The nucleotide also stimulates the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase in muscle and the conversion of the I form of glycogen synthetase to the D form (5, 6). It thus seemed possible that the inhibitory action of insulin on these processes might be mediated by a fall in tissue levels of cyclic AMP. Accordingly we have examined the effect of insulin on cyclic AMP levels in epididymal fat pads incubated with epinephrine and caffeine in the absence of glucose. 

Effect of epinephrine and caffeine on sorbitol space, galactose space and 3-Omethyl glucose space of epididymal fat pads,... 

Although it would be desirable to measure sugar transport in isolated adipose tissue cells as well as in intact epididymal fat pads we have so far been unable to make satisfactory measurements of galactose space in the isolated cells. We have instead used the incorporation of radioactivity from glucose-U-into CQ2 and lipid as an indication of glucose transport. 

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