Epididymitis

Metabolic Functions. Chromium (ITT) potentiates the action of insulin and may be considered a cofactor for insulin (137,138). In in vitro tests of epididymal fat tissue of chromium-deficient rats, Cr(III) increases the uptake of glucose only in the presence of insulin (137). The interaction of Cr(III) and insulin also is demonstrated by experimental results indicating an effect of Cr(III) in translocation of sugars into ceUs at the first step of sugar metaboHsm. Chromium is thought to form a complex with insulin and insulin receptors (136). 

Obesity and hyperglycemia 2. 2-AG levels are elevated in mouse adipocytes and epididymal of mice with DIO. AEA and 2-AG levels are elevated in rat insulinoma p-cells, in pancreas of mice with DIO, and in obese women. Patients with obesity or hyperglycaemia caused by type 2 diabetes exhibit elevated levels of 2-AG or of both endocannabinoids in visceral fat or blood, respectively. AEA levels are elevated in the liver of DIO mice 2. CB1 antagonists... 

Testes from the males examined 43 days after the 8-D treatment appeared normal. However, the epididymis was involved in an inflammatory process with sperm granulomas formation. The granulomatous epididymal lesion resembled the lesion seen in auto-immune reaction following bacterial infections or tissue response to foreign bodies (16, 17,... 

When present, the urethral discharge is watery and less purulent than that seen with acute gonococcal urethritis. Complications resulting from lack of treatment or inadequate treatment include epididymitis (in males), and pelvic inflammatory disease including associated complications... 

M (100% infertility, decreased Latendresse et al. testicular and epididymal 1994b... 

Fouchecourt, S., et at (2002b). Epididymal lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase identification using mass spectrometry, messenger RNA localization, and immunodetection in mouse, rat, hamster, and monkey. Biot Reprod. 66,... 

Friedmann, A.S., H. Chen, L.D. Rabuck, and B.R. Zirkin. 1998. Accumulation of dietary methylmercury in the testes of the adult brown Norway rat impaired testicular and epididymal function. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 867-871. 

Complications Rare (epididymitis, prostatitis, inguinal lymphadenopatfiy, urethral stricture) Disseminated gonorrhea Pelvic inflammatory disease and associated complications (i.e., ectopic pregnancy, infertility) Disseminated gonorrhea (three times more common than in men)... 

Lower tract infections include cystitis (bladder), urethritis (urethra), prostatitis (prostate gland), and epididymitis. Upper tract infections (such as pyelonephritis) involve the kidney and are referred to as pyelonephritis. 

Ecroyd, H., Belghazi, M., Dacheux, J.L. and Gatti, J.L. (2005) The epididymal soluble prion protein forms a high-molecular-mass complex in association with hydrophobic proteins. Biochem. J. 392,211-219. 

Linder RE, Strader LF, McElroy WK. 1986. Measurement of epididymal sperm motility as a test variable in the rat. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36 317-324. 

Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques were used to detect HIV-1 infected cells in the testis (P5), excurrent ducts, and prostate. Distinct pathologic changes were observed in the majority of testis of AIDS patients that included azoospermia, hyalinization of the boundary wall of seminiferous tubules, and lymphocytic infiltration of the interstitium. In the testis, many white blood cells were shown to the CD4 + HIV-1 positive cells of lymphocy-tic/monocytic morphology, found in the seminiferous tubules and interstitium of the testis, epididymal epithelium, and connective tissue of the epididymis and prostate. There was no evidence of active HIV-1 infection in germ cells or Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules or other epithelial cells lining the excurrent ducts or prostatic glands. 

W. Halangk and W. S. Kunz, Use of NAD(P)H and flavoprotein fluorescence signals to characterize the redox state ofpyridine nucleotides in epididymal bull spermatozoa, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1056, 273-278 (1991). 

Amir D, Lavon U. 1976. Changes in total nitrogen, lipoproteins and amino acids in epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa of bulls treated orally with ethylene dibromide. J Reprod Fert 47 73- 76. 

Amir D, Gledhill BL, Garner DL, et al. 1983. Spermiogenic, epididymal, and spermatozoal damage induced by a peritesticular injection of ethylene dibromide to rams. Anim Reprod Sci 6 35-50. 

M (increased epididymal weights, degeneration of epididymal epithelium in... 

In a quick and simple operation, the vasa deferentia are ligated. The spermatozoa behind the ligature either break down within the epididymis or leak through the epididymal wall where, because of the antigen present on the surface of sperm, they are destroyed by the immune system. 

M (no sperm In testis and epididymis cauda decrease testis and epididymal weight i nferti1i ty)... 

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