Cross-linked enzymes

An alternative strategy for co-immobilization of mediator and GOx is based on adsorption of enzyme, cross-linked, as was described for the laccase-based biocatalytic cathodes [30, 37 42], to an osmium-based redox polymer film, on carbon electrodes [1-3, 54],... 

Figure 302 Glutaraldehyde antibody—enzyme cross-linking procedures usually produce a wide range of high-molecular-weight complexes, some of which may precipitate from solution.

Lactate Brain C CME Enzyme cross-linked under cellulose acetate [55]... 

D Haring, P Schreier. Novel biocatalysts by chemical modification of known enzymes cross-linked microcrystals of semi-synthetic peroxidase seleno-subtilisin. Angew Chem Int Ed 37 2471-2473, 1998. 

Immobilization of Enzymes Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) 405... 

Woodward s reagent K9 is a water-soluble dehydrating reagent that activates carboxylic acid groups toward nucleophilic attack. It may be used under mild, aqueous conditions, and sequential activation and coupling steps prevent enzyme cross-linking (Eqs. 4.12 and 4.13) ... 

Use Enzyme cross-linking agent, condensing agent for nucleoside triphosphate synthesis. 

Enzyme cross-linked with bifunctional reagents... 

A bi- or multifunctional coupling agent is used to mediate between carrier and enzyme functional groups. This can also lead to intra- and intermolecular enzyme cross-linking. 

Altus Biologies Cambridge, MA www.altus.com Enzyme cross-linked crystals... 

A decision must be made about the sequence and timing in which components are combined to make the final reaction mixture. The choices made can have large effects on the final hydration conditions and biocatalyst behavior. It is usually best initially to prepare as separate phases (i) a non-aqueous solution or mixture of the reactants and (ii) the solid biocatalyst preparation (lyophilized powder, immobilised enzyme, cross-linked crystal etc). The best treatment to apply then depends on the objective of the experiment. 

Immobilization of enzymes by cross-linking with bifunctional reagents is carried out by different methods direct cross-linking of enzymes cross-linking of enzymes with inert proteins adsorption of enzymes on a water-insoluble carrier with subsequent processing using a bifunctional reagent. Albumin is... 

Enzyme Cross-linking Cleavage Poly-acrylamide Gel dissolution [11]... 

Enzyme Cross-linking Cleavage of Peptide Hydrogel [14,... 

Pyruvate is the natural metabolic substrate in the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle. In 2009, Sokic-Lazic and Minteer incorporated the enzymes for the entire citric acid cycle onto an electrode to completely oxidize pyruvate to carbon dioxide (detected by C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)), thereby releasing more electrons [94]. The fuel cell had a current density of 3.92 mA cm and a power density of 0.93 mW cm. Later, in 2010, Moehlenbrock et al. used citric acid cycle enzymes, cross-linked in vivo, to produce a metabolon formation for greater efficiency of the oxidation pathway [12]. The power density reached 24.14 pW cm and had a current density of... 

FIGURE 9.5 (a) A cross-linked redox hydrogel with immobilized enzymes, 1 )rm in thickness, (b) A redox hydrogel with immohihzed enzymes cross-linked over a high surface area porous support such as carbon cloth, felt, or paper, 1 mm in thickness. 

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