Lactate brain

Lactate Brain C CME Enzyme cross-linked under cellulose acetate [55]... 

Hoffman GE, Le W-W, Abbud R, Lee W-S, Smith MS (1994) Use of Fos-related antigens (FRAs) as markers of neuronal activity FRA changes in dopamine neurons during proestrus, pregnancy and lactation. Brain Res 654 207-215. 

Analysis of ESRB 7 mice showed fewer and smaller litters than wild type mice as well as abnormal vascular function and hypertension. The reduction in fertility was attributed to reduced ovarian efficiency. Mutant females had normal breast development and lactated normally. Older mutant males displayed signs of prostate and bladder hyperplasia. s -2-deficient mice furthermore display diverse regulatory defects in the function of brain, lung, and white blood cells. The results indicated that ESRB is essential for normal ovulation efficiency but is not essential for lactation, female or male sexual differentiation, or fertility. 

This is true of skeletal muscle, particularly the white fibers, where the rate of work output—and therefore the need for ATP formation—may exceed the rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized. Glycolysis in erythrocytes, even under aerobic conditions, always terminates in lactate, because the subsequent reactions of pymvate are mitochondrial, and erythrocytes lack mitochondria. Other tissues that normally derive much of their energy from glycolysis and produce lactate include brain, gastrointestinal tract, renal medulla, retina, and skin. The liver, kidneys, and heart usually take up... 

Brain Coordination of the nervous system Glycolysis, amino acid metabolism Glucose, amino acid, ketone bodies (in starvation) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in neonate Lactate ... 

Newer techniques include monitors capable of performing microdialysis, or measuring brain oxygenation and lactate, which may be useful in monitoring penumbral tissue adjacent to a large area of infarction. No randomized studies have been performed to clearly document their impact on patient outcomes to date. 

Haug M. and Brain P. (1978). Attack directed by groups of castrated male mice towards lactating and non-lactating intruders a urine-dependent phenomenon. Physiol Behav 21, 549-552. 

Histopathological alterations in the brains of rat pups exposed throughout gestation and lactation have also been reported (Hannah and Roth 1991). Some studies found no developmental effects (Hayden etal. 1990a, 1990b Sallenfait et al. 1989). 

Decreased numbers of dendritic spines and malformed spines in brain parietal cortex were observed at postnatal day 30 in rat pups whose mothers were administered 256-480 mg lead/kg/day as lead acetate in drinking water during gestation and lactation (Murray et al. 1978). PbB levels were not reported. 

The main source of brain energy metabolism is the continuous availability of glucose from the blood. To some extent, energy can be derived from glycogen, stored in astrocytes. Neurons also use lactate as an energy source, even under normoxic conditions. During neuronal activation, lactate may even be the... 

Lactate is formed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in brain 542... 

In addition, the brain can make limited use of other substrates for metabolism, e.g. during fasting (see above). Under normal circumstances, the venous lactate concentration is slightly higher than the arterial concentration,... 

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