Cross-linking enzyme aggregate

The most effective of these include immobilization [80], lipid coating [81], surfactant coating [82], use of cross-linked enzyme crystals [83], cross-linked enzyme aggregates [84], and membrane reactors [85]. 

Immobilized enzymes, particularly LAC, have been employed in the degradation of triclosan. The immobilization of LAC from Coriolopsis polyzona through the formation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and their subsequent use in an FBR for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds [42] produced the complete removal of triclosan, nonylphenol, and bisphenol A (5 mg L-1 each) at a HRT of 150 min. The application of CLEAs in a perfusion basket reactor [43]... 

Mateo, C., Palomo, J.M., van Lancen, L.M., van Rantwijk, E. and Sheldon, R.A., A new, mild cross-linking methodology to prepare cross-linked enzyme aggregates. Biotech. Bioeng., 2004, 86, 273-276. 

The 3-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde 58 is highly water soluble, and so the spontaneous cyanide addition to give racemic cyanohydrin cannot be suppressed unless the aqueous pH is lowered below 3.5, which is not tolerated by the enzymes. The only available option is to operate in a 100% organic solvent system. This was recently made possible by the availability of the cross linked enzyme aggregate particles (CLEAs), which can tolerate organic solvents [64]. The individual precipitated protein molecules are chemically bonded to one another through the formation... 

Cao, L., van Rantwijk, F. and Sheldon, R.A. (2000) Cross-linked enzyme aggregates a simple and effective method for the immobilization of penicillin acylase. Org. Lett., 2, 1361. 

Sheldon, R.A., Schoevaart, R. and van Langen, L.M. (2006) Cross-linked enzyme aggregates. Meth. Biotechnol., 22, 31. 

Sheldon, R.A., Sorgedrager, M.J. and Janssen, M.H.A. (2007) Use of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) for performing biotransformations. Chim. Oggi — Chemistry Today, 25, 62. 

Cross-linked CPO aggregates in the pores of mesocellular foams The CPO-CLEAs (cross-linked enzyme aggregates) supported in mesocellular foams were more stable against leaching than conventional catalysts prepared by physical adsorption of CPO on the same support [10]... 

Perez DI, Van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA (2009) Cross-linked enzyme aggregates of chloroperoxidase synthesis, optimization and characterization. Adv Synth Catal 351 2133-2139... 

Immobilization of Enzymes Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) 405... 

However, the relatively high enzyme costs form an obstacle to commercialization. Inefficient laccase use is a result of its instability towards the oxidizing reaction conditions. We have recently shown that the stability of the laccase under reaction conditions can be improved by immobilization as a cross-linked enzyme aggregate (see Chapter 9). It has also been shown that a water-soluble iron complex of a sulfonated phthalocyanine ligand is an extremely effective catalyst for starch oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous medium [11]. 

Ruiz A, de los Rios AP, Herndndez FJ, Janssen MHA, Schoevaart R, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA (2007) A cross-linked enzyme aggregate of Candida antarvtica Upase B is active in denaturing ionic liquids. Enzyme Microb Technol 40 1095-1099... 

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