Enzymes carbohydrate digestion

The first member of this class, acarbose, was introduced in the early 1990s. a-Glucosidase inhibitors slow the intestinal process of carbohydrate digestion by competitive inhibition of the activity of a-glucosidase enzymes located in the brush border of the enterocytes... 

C. Final carbohydrate digestion by enzymes synthesized by the intestinal mucosal cells... 

For some foods, incomplete extraction of color is obtained, probably due to the high binding affinity of dyes to the bulk of the food matrix, especially to proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (156,161,162). This problem can be overcome by the use of selected solvents or enzymes to digest the food prior to extraction. Petroleum ether can be used to extract lipids (163). Acetone can be used to remove lipids and coagulate protein (164). Enzymes, such as amyloglucosidase (165,166), papain (167), lipase, pectinase, cellulase, and phospholipase, added to the sample and incubated under optimum pH and temperature conditions release synthetic colors bound to or associated with the food matrix. Furthermore, enzyme digestion can solubilize some foods, enabling analysis to be continued (156). 

Know the names and modes of action of carbohydrate digestive enzymes found in the saliva and the small intestine, including the amylases and disaccharidases review how glucose and other hexoses are absorbed. 

Enzymes, which digest contaminating nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. 

The clinical abnormalities related to the gastrointestinal tract are not life-threatening and can be treated. In newborns with CF, intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus) can occur in 10-20% of cases due to failure of digestion of intraluminal contents due to lack of pancreatic enzymes in utero. Exocrine pancreatic enzyme deficiency is present from birth affecting both lipid and protein digestion. In general, carbohydrate digestion is not severely impaired. 

Miglitol is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that inhibits intestinal enzymes that digest carbohydrates, thereby reducing carbohydrate digestion after meals, which lowers postprandial glucose elevation in diabetics. It is used in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who have failed dietary therapy. It may be used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas. 

ProSwift WAX IS can be used to separate complex protein mixtures such as pancreatin, which contains a variety of proteases (protein digesting enzymes such as trypsin or pepsin), amylases (carbohydrate digesting enzymes), and lipases (fat digesting enzymes). Figure 3.287 shows the separation of pancreatin on a 50 mm x 1 mm i.d. ProSwift WAX-IS into an unbound and a bound fraction, the latter one containing several well-resolved peaks. 

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth, where the enzyme amylase in saliva begins to break down polysaccharides. The food then passes through the esophagus, then the stomach, and into the small intestine. Here, more enzymes are secreted to complete the hydrolysis of carbohydrates to form glucose and other monosaccharides. 

A digestive disorder due to (1) the lack of one or more enzymes which digest carbohydrates, or (2) other conditions which prevent the absorption of certain sugars. The unabsorbed sugars provide nutrients for bacterial growth and have a laxative effect which often results in diarrhea. 

The general name given to any of the enzymes which digest starch to smaller molecules of carbohydrate. 

An enzyme that digests some gram-positive bacteria and certain high molecular weight carbohydrates present in saliva, tears, and egg white. 

Historically, dietary fiber referred to iasoluble plant cell wall material, primarily polysaccharides, not digested by the endogenous enzymes of the human digestive tract. This definition has been extended to iaclude other nondigestible polysaccharides, from plants and other sources, that are iacorporated iato processed foods. Cellulose [9004-34-6] (qv) is fibrous however, lignin [9005-53-2] (qv) and many other polysaccharides ia food do not have fiberlike stmctures (see also Carbohydrates). 

This is the only function of maltase, but it is one that no other enzyme can perform. Many such digestive enzymes are required for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It has been estimated that without enzymes, it would take upward of 50 years to digest a meal. 

---