Enzymes carbohydrate

Chemicals are ubiquitous as air, carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids, minerals, proteins, vitamins, water, and wood. Naturally occurring chemicals are supplemented by man-made substances. There are about 70000 chemicals in use with another 500-1000 added each year. Their properties have been harnessed to enhance the quality of life, e.g. cosmetics, detergents, energy fuels, explosives, fertilizers, foods and drinks, glass, metals, paints, paper, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, solvents, textiles thus chemicals are found in virtually all workplaces. Besides the benefits, chemicals also pose dangers to man and the environment. For example ... 

Chapters 17 through 21 deal with carbohydrate-enzyme systems. Hehre presents some new ideas on the action of amylases. Kabat presents some new immunochemical studies on the carbohydrate moiety of certain water-soluble blood-group substances and their precursor antigens. Hassid reviews the role of sugar phosphates in the biosynthesis of complex saccharides. Pazur and co-workers present information obtained by isotopic techniques on the nature of enzyme-substrate complexes in the hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Gabriel presents a common mechanism for the production of 6-deoxyhexoses. An intermediate nucleoside-5 -(6-deoxyhexose-4-ulose pyrophosphate) is formed in each of the syntheses. 

The successful conversion of D-glucose into D-fructose on the industrial scale with immobilized D-glucose isomerase was a brilliant demonstration of the value of this kind of approach. Then followed a huge technical literature on enzyme immobilization, reviewed in Ref. 9 (page 353). We shall here restrict ourselves to the methods which have been utilized in the syntheses outlined in Tables II to X. We suggest to readers interested in theses techniques that they first use these methods. If they prove unsatisfactory, as there is a plethora of alternatives, other techniques, described in Refs. 8-10, may be tried a majority of readily available carbohydrate enzymes have been immobilized, often in several different ways. 

Baldwin, R.P., Electrochemical determination of carbohydrates Enzyme electrodes and amperometric detection in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1999, 19, 69-81. 

GerbrachtU, Einig C, Oesterle D, et al. 1990. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate alters carbohydrate enzyme activities and foci incidence in rat liver. Carcinogenesis 11 (12) 2111-2115. 

In this article the preparation of one class of carbohydrate-enzyme conjugates, prepared by attachment of dextran to enzymes, is described in some detail and the properties of enzymes modified in this way are discussed. The molecular basis of enzyme stabilization by coupling with dextran is also considered. 

B. According to Kind of Substances Acted upon and Transformed. I. Carbohydrate enzymes ... 

Carbohydrate enzyme replacement therapy is the administration of exogenous enzymes to patients that have defective saccharide-processing enzymes that result in an accumulation of harmful metabolic products. Metabolic diseases often have genetic causes and some of these diseases involve saccharide cr glycoconjugate metabolites. Two examples are Gaucher s and Fabry s disease. 

Recently, however, several such assays have been developed for the study of carbohydrate-enzyme interactions. As mentioned previously, carbohydrate microarrays can be employed for inhibitor identification. Indeed, they were recently used by Wong and coworkers to identify fucosyltransferase inhibitors from a small library (85 compounds) of triazole-containing compounds [46,... 

Electrophoresis, which has also been called electrochromatography, is used extensively in studying mixtures of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, enzymes, etc. In clinical medicine it is used for determining the protein content of body fluids. 

The enzymatic depolymerization of chitin by chitinases has been investigated for a few decades. Chitinases, a class of glycosyl hydrolyases, have been found in a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to animals. Chitinases belong to two major families of carbohydrate enzymes, family 18 and family 19, based on the amino acid sequences (CAZY http //www.cazy.org). Both families of enzymes differ in their amino acid sequences, three-dimensional structures, and catalytic mechanisms (Fukamizo 2000). Prior to the family classification, plant chitinases are divided into five classes on the basis of their primary structures. Classes 1,11, and IV chitinases are included in family 19, whereas classes III and V belong to family 18. 

Since carbohydrates are able to protect enzymes from thermal denaturation and proteolysis (15), since they are good candidates as vectors (16), we also studied a carbohydrate-enzyme conjugate. 

The preparation method of albumin-coated HRP, the preparation and behaviour of the carbohydrate-enzyme derivative, the histological results will successively be exposed. 

Hendrix D.L. 1990. Carbohydrates and carbohydrate enzymes in developing cotton ovules. Physiol Plant 78 85-92. 

Properties.— The properties of glycoside hydrolases have been reviewed. As part of a series on surface carbohydrates of the prokaryotic cell, a comprehensive chapter deals with enzymes acting on bacterial surface carbohydrates. Enzymes hydrolysing capsular and slime polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, and teichoic acids are treated in detail. 

Perske et al. (1957) have reported studies on carbohydrate enzymes of culture strains of human liver. Homogenates prepared from these cultures showed no G-6-Pase activity. Other hepatic enzymes not present in tissue... 

The stability of a phenylesterase in soil was considered to be the result of a carbohydrate-enzyme complex, although in this instance, the existence of a carbohydrate-protein bond through N-acetylhexosamine-tyrosine is postulated. Hyaluronidase treatment increases the activity of the enzyme. 

Since the exuding wounds contain a cocktail of proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes, and other ingredients that are closely associated with odor production, they are often a source of obnoxious smells, especially when infection is involved. Wound odors are caused by short-chain organic acids such as n-butyric, n-valeric, n-caproic, and n-caprylic acids produced by anaerobic bacteria, and amines and diamines such as cadav-erine and putrescine that are produced by the metabolic processes of other proteolytic bacteria. Organisms frequently isolated from malodorous wounds include anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Clostridium species, and numerous aerobic bacteria including Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. 

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