Biochemical engineering immobilizing enzymes

The biotransformation process has been improved by significant advances in biochemical engineering advances in genetic and protein engineering, microbiological manipulations for the production of enzymes, and the use of biocatalysts in immobilized form and large-scale purification methods. 

For some recent reviews, see Pfenosil, J.E., Kut, O.M., Dunn, I.J. and Heinzle, E., Immobilized biocatalysts. In Ullman s Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, vol. 2. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2007, pp. 683-734 Sheldon, R. A., Enzyme immobilization the quest for optimum performance. Adv. Synth. Catal., 2007, 349, 1289-1307 End, N. and Schoning, K.-U., Immobilized biocatalysts in industrial research and production. Topics Curr. Chem., 2004, 242, 273-317 Bornscheuer, U.T., Immobilizing enz3mies how to create more suitable biocatalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003,42, 3336-3337 Cao, L. Immobilised enzymes science or art Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2005, 9, 217-226. 

In the first section of this book, the brief introduction about biochemical engineering is given in chapter 1. The second chapter deals with basics of enzyme reaction kinetics. The third chapter deals with an important aspect in enzyme bioprocess i.e. immobilization of enzyme and its kinetics. Chapter 4 is concerned about the industrial bioprocess involving starch and cellulose. 

Fig. 1 a and b. Summary of techniques for enzyme immobilization. An enzyme can be immobilized by fixing it on the surface of a macroscopic material or by trapping it inside a matrix which is permeable to the enzyme s substrate. (Reprinted from Bailey, J. E., Ollis, D. F. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, p. 184, New York-London-Tokyo, McGraw-Hill 1977)... 

Pitcher W (1978) Design and operation of immobilized enzyme reactors. In Ghose T, Fiechter A, Blakebrough A (eds) Advances in biochemical engineering. Springer, Berlin... 

Figure 9.16. Effectiveness factor for immobilized enzyme catalysts with Michaelis-Menten kinetics (J. E. Bailey, D.F. Ollis, Biochemical engineering fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 1986).

FIGURE 3.3 Schematic diagram of immobilzed lipase PBR 1, substrate reservoir 2, temperature control 3, peristaltic pump 4, water jacket 5, bed of immobilized enzyme 6, three-way valve 7, product reservoir 8, sampling point 9, cooling/heating water 10, recirculation. (From Hita, E., A. Robles, B. Camacho, P. A. Gonzalez, L. Esteban, M. J. Jimenez, M. M. Munio, and E. Molina, 2009, Biochemical Engineering Journal 46 (3) 257-264. With permission.)... 

Al-Muftah, A. E., and I. M. Abn-Reesh. 2005. Effects of Internal Mass Transfer and Prodnct Inhibition on a Simnlated Immobilized Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactor for Lactose Hydrolysis. Biochemical Engineering Journal 23 139-153. 

Sonkaria S, Boucher G, Horez-Alvarez J et al. (2004) Evidence for lock and key character in an anti-phosphonate hydrolytic antibody catalytic site augmented by non-reaction centre recognition variation in substrate selectivity between an anti-phosphonate antibody, an anti-phosphate antibody and two hydrolytic enzymes. Biochem J 381 125—130 Sprossler B, Plainer H (1983) Immobilized lactase for processing whey. Food Technol 37 93-96 Stemmer WP (1994) Rapid evolution of a protein in vitro by DNA shuffling. Nature 370 389-391 Sticklen M (2006) Plant genetic engineering to improve biomass characteristics for biofuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol 17(3) 315-319... 

The composition and structure of scaffolds used in tissue engineering are aitical for successful implantation into the host s injury site. An accelerated stable implant fixation with reduced risk of infection significantly reduces the physical suffering, psychological impact, and health care cost of patients. Biochemical methods for immobilization and/or delivery of proteins, enzymes, or peptides at the tissue-implant interface have been employed at devices that can induce controlled and rapid healing. 

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