Environmentally-acceptable compounds,

To convert chemicals into environmentally-acceptable compounds (waste management). 

Biocide release rate methods were first developed for TBT-containing compounds in an effort to establish limits on their release from AF into marine bodies (Haslbeck and Holm, 2005). The core idea of this kind of methods is to develop standardised procedures which can tell, after as short an experimental time as possible, whether an AF coating will be leaching environmentally acceptable amounts of biocide into sea water. Two such methods are available to measure the release rate of copper, namely the ASTM D6442 and ISO 15181 -... 

An economical, practical, and environmentally acceptable procedure was elaborated for oxidative deprotection of trimethylsilyl ethers to their corresponding carbonyl compounds. The reaction proceeded in a solventless system, within a short period of time, and yields were good. On irradiation in a conventional microwave for 30 s, trimethylsilyl ether of benzyl alcohol in the presence of mont-morilonite KIO and finely grounded Fe(N03)3 9H2O gave rise to benzaldehyde in 95% yield. The applicability of this method was tested with several aromatic, alicyclic, and aliphatic trimethylsilyl ethers. Duration did not exceed 1 min, and yields were not lower than 80% (Mojtahedi et al. 1999). 

The avermectins, a family of compounds with potent anthelmintic, insecticidal and acaricidal activity, have vividly demonstrated that fermentation products can have entirely unanticipated activities. Besides their utility in animals, they show great promise for the control of insect pests of plants. Although antibiotics have found only a limited role in the control of plant diseases, the desire to find environmentally acceptable alternatives to the chemicals currently used has prompted new research efforts to discover fermentation products for use as pesticides. 

Continuing dissatisfaction amongst fluorine chemists with the cumbersome alphanumeric ASHRAE ( Freon ) codes for fluorocarbons (which contain no provision for branched-chain compounds) has led to interesting proposals recently concerning alternative codes for HFCs and HFEs.10 To be fair to ASHRAE. when its predecessor, ASRE, standardized the so-called Du Pont code in the late 1950s, no one could have foreseen the proliferation of lists of volatile fluorocarbons (and hence coded designations) arising from the impressive commercial drive to locate environmentally acceptable in-kind replacements for C.FCs and Halons.8... 

The fire suppressants in current use are largely halogenated compounds such as CF3Br or C2F4Br2- These halogens are now known to be harmful to the ozone layer and need to be replaced. However, it has proved difficult to find environmentally acceptable replacements. Current efforts aim to understand the inhibition mechanisms of known, effective flame inhibitors to help direct the search. 

Iron and its compounds are environmentally acceptable redox agents that are finding increased use in remediating toxic waste in groundwaters 1... 

The formulations may also be modified to remove all metals and phosphorus-containing compounds on the basis that this produces the potential to market an environmentally acceptable or green product. At present this concept is unlikely to take serious hold around the world, and therefore the formulation shown is representative of what may be employed in naturally soft waters. 

F. Bound Toxins. Another approach to more environmentally acceptable preservatives is to chemically bond a toxic compound onto a wood component so that it cannot be leached out. The compound, once reacted, would have to retain its toxic properties. Compounds now used as wood preservatives are toxic to the organism because they are ingested by the organism. If the toxic compound were bound to the wood, they may be toxic to the organism only when ingested. Because of this, the approach of permanently bound toxins may not be a fruitful research area. 

Ross DS, Jayaweera IS, Nguyen L, Hum GP, Haag WR. Environmentally acceptable waste disposal by conversion of hydrothermally labile compounds. U.S. Patent No. 5, 409, 617, April 25, 1995. 

The efficient and environmentally acceptable processing of wastewater is of important industrial and environmental concern. One technique of growing interest is the wet oxidation process (Chapter 11), where the oxidation of organic compounds in an aqueous solution or in suspension by means of... 

The acid gas from the Sul find regenerator must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. The Claus process offers an effective means for converting nearly all of the sulfur in the acid gas to saleable elemental sulfur. The tail gas from the Claus plant still contains some sulfur compounds. To minimize sulfur emissions from the plant, the Claus tail gas can be fed to a Shell Claus ff-gas Jreating (SCOT) unit where most of this sulfur is recovered and recycled to the Claus plant. With use of the SCOT Process, additional marketable sulfur is recovered within the Claus plant while tail gas sulfur emissions are substantially reduced, to typically less than 250 ppmv. 

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