Environmental Protection Agency persistent organic pollutants

C. Bernes, Persistent Organic Pollutants. A Swedish View of an International Problem, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm (1998). 

USEPA (2004b) A pilot study of children s total exposure to persistent pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants (CTEPP). Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA/600/R-04/193). 

OSHA PB PBB PBT PEC penta-BDE PFOS PNEC POP PPE PPORD PRODUCE European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Persistent and bioaccumulating Polybromobiphenyl(s) Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic Predicted environmental concentration Pentabromodiphenyl ether Perfluorooctane sulfonate Predicted no-effect concentration Persistent organic pollutant Personal protective equipment Process/product-oriented research and development Piloting REACH on downstream use communication in Europe... 

USEPA, Evaluation and Application of Methods for Estimating Children s Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in Multiple Media, Report No. 600/R-98/164, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 1999. 

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have become the focus of growing national and international concern (United Nations, Greenpeace, Environmental Protection Agencies of the USA, Germany and many other countries) [159,160]. POPs are organic substances that... 

The estimated world production in the period 1930 to 1974 is about 1.2 X 10 tons," of this about one third has been released into the environment without any precautions regarding toxic effects on biota and any care to prevent environmental pollution. This has led to the widespread occurrence of PCBs aU over the world, even in remote areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the provisions of the Toxic Substances Control Act, specifically banned most of the uses of PCBs in 1997. Current releases of PCBs are mainly as a result of the cycle of these persistent contaminants from soil to air and back to soil again. Other possible sources of contamination, such as leaching, occurs. Moreover, PCBs can be unintentionally produced as by-products in a wide variety of chemical processes which contain chlorine and hydrocarbon sources, during water chlorination, and by thermal degradation of other chlorinated organics. ... 

In 1972, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced that DDT could no longer be used in the United States because of the risk it posed for human health and the environment. A number of other developed nations soon followed the EPA s action. In 2001, a conference sponsored by the United Nations, called the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, adopted a statement calling for the eventual elimination of a dozen pesticides, known as the dirty dozen, including DDT. Because of its effectiveness against malaria and other infectious diseases, DDT was given a waiver for use by public health officials in nations where the compound had not been banned. 

EC5jj=median effective concentration fw=freshwater LC5 j=median lethal concentration m=marine mw=marine water na=not applicable OSPAR=Oslo and Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic PBT=persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic POPs=persistent organic pollutants RfD=referencedose sed.=sediment USEPA=US Environmental Protection Agency vPvB=very persistent, very bioacumulative. 

---