Environmental effects forests

Newton, M. and E.C. Cole (1997). Environmental effects of vegetation management. In Reforestation and Vegetation in Central Alaska. USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection Special Report R10-TP-65, pp. III-1-20. 

Neary, D.G., P.B. Bush, and J.L. Michael (1993). Fate, dissipation, and environmental effects of pesticides in southern forests A review of a decade of research progress. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12 411—428. 

Kingsbury, P.D. Holmes, S.B. Millikin, R.L. "Environmental effects of a double application of azamethiphos on selected terrestrial and aquatic organisms" Report FPM-X-33, Forest Pest Management Institute Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., 1980. 

A System for Assessment. Improvement and expansion of specific tests as discussed are important, but equally so is a system or procedure for making ecotoxicological assessments from the information from these tests. The Committee proposed both a system for evaluating effects and a procedure for implementation. Evaluating environmental effects of herbicides in the forest requires two subsystems, a multi-level integrated... 

Pouyat, R.V., Parmelee, R.W., et al. (1994) Environmental effects of forest soil - invertebrate and fungal densities in oak stands along an urban-rural land-use gradient. Pedobiologia, 38(5) 385-399. 

Maclaren, j.P. (1995) Environmental Effects of Planted Forests in New Zealand. FRI Bulletin 1 98. New Zealand Institute of Forest Research, Rotorua, 142 pp. 

Although products tend to get the most public attention in consideration of environmental matters, processes often have more environmental impact Successful process designs tend to stay in service for many years and to be used to make a wide range of products. While the product of a process may have minimal environmental impact, the process by which the product is made may have marked environmental effects. An example is the manufacture of paper. The environmental impact of paper as a product, even when improperly discarded, is not terribly great, whereas the process by which it is made involves harvesting wood from forests, high use of water, potential emission of a wide range of air pollutants, and other factors with profound environmental implications. 

As with other factors, no direct statements can be made relating the reaction of a soil to its corrosive properties. Extremely acid soils (pH 4 0 and lower) can cause rapid corrosion of bare metals of most types. This degree of acidity is not common, being limited to certain-bog soils and soils made acid by large accumulations of acidic plant materials such as needles in a coniferous forest. Most soils range from pH5 0 to pH8 0, and corrosion rates are apt to depend on many other environmental factors rather than soil reaction per se. The 45-year study of underground corrosion conducted by the United States Bureau of Standards included study of the effect of soils of varying pH on different metals, and extensive data were reported. 

Negative externalities arise when an action by an individual or a group implies harmful effects on others such as unintended dispersion of chemicals to land, air and water air pollution effects on health forest growth or fish reproduction. When negative externalities are generated they should be internalized into the market economy. By internalizing the externalities the economic value of environmental impacts are allocated to the pollution sources and included in the economics of the activities causing the problem. This would also allow for the market to function properly and thereby reach a socially optimal level of environmental impacts. 

Cripe, G.M., D J. Hansen, S.F. Macauley, and J. Forester. 1986. Effects of diet quantity on sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) during early fife-stage exposures to chlorpyrifos. Pages 450-46 in T.M. Poston and R. Purdy (eds.). Aquatic toxicology and environmental fate ninth symposium. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 921, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 

Ktlsel K, Drake HL. 1995. Effects of environmental parameters on the formation and turnover of acetate by forest soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 3667-75. 

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