Environmental effects animals

The environmental effects of using drugs and additives in animal diets are... 

It is an accepted practice when assessing the environmental effects of pollution on man and his place of abode to use a divisor of 40 (some agencies may divide by 30) against the long-term exposure level in the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA). Much lower exposure limits are necessary due to the much longer term of exposure in the domestic situation. The section of the population most likely to spend long periods of time in the home are those most susceptible to the detrimental effects of pollutants, i.e. the young, the elderly or the infirm. For short-term exposure the known data can be used directly from the list or from animal-exposure data. 

Gentry J G, McGlone J J, Miller M F and Blanton J R (2004), Environmental effects on pig performance, meat quality, and muscle characteristics , J Anim Sci, 82, 209-217. 

NPTN is based at Oregon State University and is cooperatively sponsored by the University and EPA. NPTN serves as a source of objective, science-based pesticide information on a wide range of pesticide-related topics, such as recognition and management of pesticide poisonings, safety information, health and environmental effects, referrals for investigation of pesticide incidents and emergency treatment for both humans and animals, and cleanup and disposal procedures. 

The products and by-products of industry, and the transformed secondary products, can cause harm by being toxic to men and animals and by creating environmental effects. A material can become a local or global environmental problem, depending on the speed of transport, the transformation activity, and its persistence. 

Wehner AP. 1986. 2. Health and environmental effects of aerosols Biological effects and fate of inhaled man-made and natural aerosols in animal models. J Aerosol Science 17 305-315. 

Concerning health, a typical rationale among consumers is that healthy soils, plants and animals are the basis for human health, and therefore that care and concern for any of these environmental factors will also promote better human health (Torjusen ef al. 2004). Since the health of soils, plants and animals, as well as environmental effects are described elsewhere in this book, this chapter concentrates on the few aspects of food-related health that are directly related to the chemical, microbiological and physical properties of the food ... 

So far, compounds that are toxic to animals have only cropped up in foods developed through conventional breeding approaches. There have not been any adverse health or environmental effects resulting from commercialized GE crops. This may be because foods produced by GE undergo additional scrutiny, or it may be that there... 

To allow for comparison of the environmental effects of pesticides, various tools have been developed to express these effect(s) in quantifiable terms. One example is the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) developed by Kovach and co-workers [19]. The aim of the EIQ is to transform information on the toxicological and environmental impacts of pesticides into a usable format to facilitate the choice which pesticide to apply in practice. For each pesticide, the EIQ value is based on an equation which brings together mode of action, environmental behavior, and toxicity to humans, animals, and wildlife. To calculate the environmental impact of fee application of a certain pesticide, its EIQ is multiplied with the application dose (applied amount of active ingredient). To date, EIQs are available for more than 200 pesticides, including chemical and organic pesticides (see website under reference [19]). 

In general, calcification is governed by photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic CO2 fixation and, one may recognize an evolutionary sequence from simple chemical precipitation caused by the environmental effects of procaryotes to the highly organized membranous calcification systems found in eucaryotic algae and animals. 

Highly unsaturated FAs with three to six double bonds always occur in marine animal fats. The most known and important acids are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C2o 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22 6). Fish species, location site, type of fat within the fish, and environmental effects cause a wide variation of FAs in marine animal fats. 

While the Earth s surface is mostly water (78%), it is too saline to be potable. We depend on a small, vulnerable fraction of the Earth s water ( 3%) (Manahan 2004) to sustain our lives and the crops and animals upon which we depend for food and flber. The environmental destruction caused by biological and chemical weapons would first endanger the surface water and subsequently be transmitted to groundwater. The environmental effects of biological and chemical weapons would be catastrophic because we all depend on water. Not only would human life be compromised, but our plant and animal communities would also suffer. 

The conclusion is that fertilizer leaching from fields is only a portion of the nitrogen that potentially reaches estuaries and coastal waters. Probably of greater importance for North America as a whole is the nitrogen that is volatilized to the atmosphere or released to surface waters from animal wastes and landfills. Since food is often shipped over long distances in the United States, the environmental effect of the nitrogen can occur well away from the original site of application of the fertilizer. 

Intertidal life forms are particularly vulnerable to oil since they consist primarily of plants and animals that move slowly or not at all. It takes from months to years for an oiled intertidal zone to recolonize. Intertidal life may also be damaged by cleanup efforts, particularly by the movement of people and vehicles and by cleaning water that is either too hot or under high pressure. A cleanup method should minimize environmental effects, not simply remove the oil at all costs. Oil should only be removed to prevent it from being re-floated and oiling other shorelines. Oil stranded in the intertidal zone may cause less harm if left than if removed. If the biota is already dead, however, oil is sometimes removed so that the area can recolonize. 

For existing substances, manufacturers and importers must, if possible, perform a similar evaluation to that fcH new substances. The authorities can demand a detailed environmental assessment for existing substances which are produced in large quantities, are pora-ly degradable, accumulate in the food chain, are harmful to plants or animals at low levels, or potentiate the environmental effects of other chemicals. For products and articles, manufacturers and importers must base their evaluation on the data provided by... 

Even when considered on a long term basis, there is considerable doubt that the presence of land filled battery metals such as lead, zinc, and cadmium would have the catastrophic environmental effects which some have predicted. Studies on 2000-year old Roman artifacts in the United Kingdom (Thornton 1995) have shown that zinc, lead and cadmium diffuse only very short distances in soils, depending on soil type, soil pH and other site-specific factors, even after burial for periods up to 1900 years. Another study in Japan (Oda 1990) examined nickel-cadmium batteries buried in Japanese soils to detect any diffusion of nickel or cadmium from the battery. None has been detected after almost 20 years exposure. Further, it is unclear given the chemical complexation behavior of the metallie ions of many battery metals exactly how they would behave even if metallic ions were released. Some studies have suggested, for example, that both lead and cadmium exhibit a marked tendency to complex in sediments and be unavailable for plant or animal uptake. In addition, plant and animal uptake of metals such as zinc, lead and cadmium has been found to depend very much on the presence of other elements such as iron and on dissolved organic matter (Cook and Morrow 1995). Until these behavior are better understood, it is unjustified to equate the mere presence of a hazardous material in a battery with the true risk associated with that battery. Unfortunately, this is exactly the method which has been too often adopted in comparison of battery systems, so that the true risks remain largely obscured. 

Iron comprises approximately 4.7% of the Earth s crust. The enormous quantities of this metal in the earth core are prerequisite for the magnetic field that shields the planet from cosmic radiation and enables life. The ubiquitous availability of iron and its ability to adjust its oxidation state, redox potential and electron spin state makes it suited to participate in a large number of chemical reactions. Thus, iron has become essential for animals, plants, fungi and most bacteria, ivhere it functions in a ivide variety of iron-dependent enzymes and metal proteins. To avoid deficiency symptoms, mechanisms have evolved in these organisms to maintain iron homeostasis in situations of scarce supply, but also to avoid oxidative stress as mediated by Fenton chemistry ivhen supply is excessive. In industry, iron is used in over 2500 varieties of steel, each with different physical properties. In fact, annual steel production is almost as high as that of all other metals combined hence the environmental effects of iron must also be considered. 

These chemicals are considered in a pollution category because both deliberate and accidental release to the environment of several of these types of compounds, for example the industrial chemicals such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and the chlorinated pesticides p,p DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane formal chemical name l,l -(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)-bis (4-chlorobenzene)), have had unintended adverse environmental effects on diverse plants and animals and on people. Initially, chemicals such as PCBs and DDT were beneficial to human civilization PCBs as industrial chemicals allowing economical, safe delivery of electricity, and DDT as a pesticide eradicating vector pests of human health concern and agricultural crop pests. Only after these chemicals had entered widespread use did it become apparent that there were environmental problems, although in hindsight there was evidence of potential problems early in the history of their manufacture and use. 

Let us examine for a moment the implications of one of the new requirements. Pesticides shall be classified for restricted use if in general use unreasonable adverse effects on the environment may occur. A number of formidable questions readily come to mind What constitutes an unreasonable adverse effect What tests are appropriate for the detection of an adverse environmental effect - tests on which organisms - at what levels of exposure - for how long One cannot adequately judge the potential adverse effects of a chemical unless the fate of the compound in the environment is known. Is it photo-lyzed by sunlight - degraded by soil bacteria - taken up by plants - consumed by animals Is it translocated, volatilized or bound to soil Is it persistent One question leads to another ad infinitum. It was clear that some criteria would... 

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