Environmental and human health hazards

D. Paustenbach. The Risk Asseisiiient of Environmental and Human Health Hazards A Textbook of Case Studies, John Wiley Sons, New York City, 1989. 

CleanGredients is an online database of cleaning product ingredients A one-stop-shop for green formulation . The database contains physical chemical data, MSDSs, technical datasheets, and environmental and human health hazard data on raw materials used to formulate cleaning products. 

LAYARD, M. and SILVERS, A. (1989). Epidemiology in environmental risk assessment, pages 157 to 173 in The Risk Assessment of Environmental and Human Health Hazards A Textbook of Case Studies, Paustenbach, D.J., Ed. (John Wiley Sons, New York). 

Paustenbach DJ (1989) A survey of health risk assessment. In Paustenbach DJ, ed. The risk assessment of environmental and human health hazards A textbook of case studies. New York, NY, John Wiley and Sons, p. 27. 

The Risk Assessment of Environmental and Human Health Hazards ... 

Paustenbach, DJ., The Risk Assessment of Environmental and Human Health Hazard A Textbook of Case Studies, 1990, 27-41, 71-90. 

The EPA s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics developed Chemical Fact sheets to summarize information on a particular chemical including exposure, environment and human health hazard, environmental fate, regulatory information, and whom to contact for additional information. 

US-EPA classifies chemical substances as either existing chemicals or new chemicals. US-EPA repeatedly screens these chemicals and can require reporting or testing of those that may pose an environmental or human health hazard. US-EPA can ban the manufacture and import of those chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk. 

Other factors that are sometimes taken into account in classifying hazardous waste include the quantity of the waste, containment (packaging) of the waste, potential for exposure to hazardous substances, control of potential releases, environmental and human health risks, economic factors, and sociopolitical aspects (IAEA, 1994). Most of these factors are, at best, indirectly related to risk e.g., a material that does not degrade rapidly does not necessarily pose a larger risk) and, at worst, are unrelated to risk e.g., waste from a particular source being treated as if it were hazardous irrespective of its constituents and their concentrations). 

The basic physical constants and structure diagrams for about 10,900 organic compounds are presented in this table. An effort has been made to include the compounds most frequently encountered in the laboratory, the workplace, and the environment. Particular emphasis has been given to substances that are considered environmental or human health hazards. In making the selection of compounds for the table, added weight was assigned to the appearance of a compound in various lists or reference sources such as ... 

For a chemical—along with its known and predicted breakdown products (i.e., degradation products and metabolites)—to progress from Benchmark 1 to Benchmark 2, it must pass all the criteria specified under Benchmark 1. Similarly to progress from Benchmark 2 to Benchmark 3 and from Benchmark 3 to Benchmark 4 the chemical must pass the criteria specified under each respective benchmark. The criteria become increasingly more demanding for environmental and human health and safety for each benchmark, with the hazard criteria of Benchmark 4 representing a safer chemical. 

The criteria for each benchmark become progressively more demanding for environmental and human health and safety, with the hazard criteria of Benchmark 4 representing the most preferred chemicals. 

Adhesion requires the use of a variety of compounds that may be safe, hazardous, flammable, or form hazardous waste. Table 13.5 provides a partial list of some of the more commonly used chemicals. There has been extensive collaboration between the industry and the governmental environmental protection agencies to reduce all emissions. For instance, the Design for Environment (DfE) program in the Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics has been a voluntary partnership with the industry to develop and distribute pollution prevention and environmental and human health risks on alternative chemicals, processes, and products. The DfE approach uses cleaner technologies... 

Environmental degradation It is the deterioration of the environment through change or disturbance in the quality or quantity of natural resomces such as air, water and soil which may bring about the destruction of ecosystems, extinction of wildlife and human health hazards. It is a more generalized term... 

The focus on lead as an environmental and public health hazard has principally centered on noncancer endpoints in various exposed human and experimental populations. There is, however, an extensive database for lead carcinogenicity, derived largely from Pb exposures of adult lead workers. 

Today, there is pressure on some bactericides due to environmental concerns and human health hazard and only three points of discussion should be briefly mentioned here. First, the use of bactericides containing chlorine or bromine in the molecule is discussed in Europe because of AOX problems in waste water treatment. Second, there is an increasing pressure on bactericides based on formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasing compounds due to health hazards. The third issue is the R43 labeling (sensitizing through skin contact possible) of products which contain more than 15 ppm CMIT/MIT in a three to one ratio in Europe. 

Sustainable chemistry is the design, manufacture, and use of environmentally benign chemical products and processes to prevent pollution, produce less hazardous waste, and reduce environmental and human health risks . Proceedings of the OECD workshop on sustainable chemistry, part 3, Venice, October 15-17, 1998.)... 

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