Enterogastrone

Duodenal receptors are also sensitive to the chemical composition of chyme and are able to detect the presence of lipids, excess hydrogen ion, and hyperosmotic chyme. These conditions also elicit the enterogastric reflex and release of the enterogastrones in order to decrease the rate of gastric emptying. 

I In the intestinal phase, inhibition of acid secretion is produced by the presence of fat, acid, or hyperosmolar solutions within the intestinal lumen. Fat, the most potent inhibitor, was proposed to cause the release of inhibitory substances from the intestine, and although no substances were formally identified, they were termed enterogastrones. Little is known... 

Gastric inhibitory peptide, GIF a polypeptide hormone (for structure, see Secretin) purified from crude preparations of Cholecystokinin (see). GIF has potent enterogastrone activity, i.e. it inhibits secretion of acid and pepsin by the stomach, and inhibits gastric motility. It possesses no significant secretin or cholecystokinin activity, [J.C. Brown J.R.Drybuigh Canad. J. Biochem. 49 (1971) 867-872]... 

Experiments performed in the 1920s and already described showed that acid and food, in particular fat, in the duodenum inhibit gastric secretion. Lim and his collaborator Kosaka made an extract of the duodenal mucosa that, upon intravenous injection into a dog, inhibited food-stimulated acid secretion, and they called the active component of their extract enterogastrone. Kosaka and Lim demonstrated that their extract did not stimulate pancreatic or biliary secretion and therefore did not contain secretin or cholecystokinin. In the 1960s, when it was possible to isolate purer and more potent compounds from the duodenal mucosa, R. A, Gregory extended the definition of enterogastrone to include inhibitors released from the intestine by acid and hypertonic solutions as well as by fat. " ... 

Brown JC, Pederson A, Jorpes E, et al. Preparation of highly active enterogastrone. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 47 113-114, 1969. 

Brown JC, Mutt V, Pederson RA. Further purihcation of a polypeptide demonstrating enterogastrone activity. J Physiol Lond 209 57-64,1970 Brown JC. A gastric inhibitory peptide. I. The amino acid composition and the tryptic peptides. CanJBiochem Physiol 49 255-261, 1971 Brown JC, Dryburgh JH. A gastric inhibitory polypeptide. II. The complete amino acid sequence. Can J Biochem Physiol 49 867-872, 1970. 

Gregory RA, Tracy HJ. The action of enterogastrone on gastric secretion. J Physiol 149 58P-59P, 1959. 

Gregory RA. Enterogastrone—a reappraisal of the problem, in Shnitka TK, Gilbert AL, Harrison RC (eds) Gastric Secretion. New York, Pergamon, 1967, pp 469-477. 

Reevaluation of Neural Control, 241 Bombesin as a Gastrin Releaser, 242 What Is Enterogastrone , 243 Noncompetitive and Competitive Inhibition, 246 Trophic Actions of Gastrin and Food, 251... 

The effects of hormones are individual and striking. Hormones produced by specialized cells but not by clearly defined endocrine glands include gastrin, secretin, pancreozymin and enterogastrone, which are produced in the alimentary canal, and renin and erythropoietin, which are produced by the kidney. 

The literature on Urogastrone is very confused and full of gaps many Authors have studied Urogastrone (and Enterogastrone which is a similar substance), both from the physico-chemical and the biological point of view. Yet, the results which have been obtained are only partial and often contradictory and usually rather difficult to reproduce. 

The likeness of effects between the urinary and the intestinal extracts on the gastric secretion inhibition could give the impression that the urinary gastric inhibitor is nothing else but Enterogastrone (probably even partly metabolized) which would have been eliminated by kidneys during the pregnancy. 

We are defining Urogastrone as Urinary Gastric Secretory Depressant, to discriminate if from the Enterogastrone or Enteric Gastric Secretory Depressant. Two factors remain at a hypothetical state i.e. the Gastric Motor Depressant (Urinary and Enteric respectively) and the Anthelone factor (Uroanthelone and Enteroanthelone). 

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