Enhancement techniques

We have implemented several edge and region segmentation algorithms and image enhancement techniques on an IBM personnel computer, in C++ language. 

Video-Enhanced Contrast. This technique is more expensive but much more effective than any other contrast-enhancing technique (15). Since the 1970s, the development of video processing of microscopical images has resulted in electronic control of contrast. As Shinya InouH, author of a classic text in the field, states "We can now see objects that are far too thin to be resolved, and extract clear images from scenes that appeared too fuzzy, too pale, or too dim, or that appeared to be nothing but noise" (16). The depth of the in-focus field can now be expanded or confined, very thin but very sharp optical sections can be produced, and a vertical succession of these images can be accumulated to reconstmct thicker stmctures in three dimensions (16). 

Many materials have been deposited by PECVD. Typically, the use of a plasma allows equivalent-quaUty films to be deposited at temperatures several hundred degrees centigrade lower than those needed for thermal CVD techniques. Often, the plasma-enhanced techniques give amorphous films and films containing incompletely decomposed precursor species such as amorphous siUcon (i -Si H) and amorphous boron (i -B H). 

Li, Alan, Brij Mohan, Steve Sapp, Izak Bencuya, and Linh Hong, Maximum Power Enhancement Techniques for SuperSQT-6 Power MQSFETs, Fairchild Ap Note AN1026, April, 1996. 

The data matrix is preprocessed using any signal enhancement technique to obtain the spectroscopic data of greatest interest as it relates to the spatial characteristics of the material or sample surface under study. In this particular case each data point represents the absorbance difference between a no absorbing wavelength for the paper surface and an absorbing wavelength for the transparent ink added to the paper. The difference in... 

DQ coherence between C (,-) and C m and then let the DQ coherence evolve under the influence of the heteronuclear I3C-15N dipole-dipole interaction [181, 182]. The virtue of this design is that it can be easily combined with other resolution enhancement technique such as INADEQUATE [183]. Alternatively, the magnetization of C (,) dephased under the 13C-15N dipolar coupling can be transferred to C (j) for another period of 13C-15N dipolar dephasing [183]. This idea can be combined with the NCOCA experiment so that the superior resolution provided by the C (,-)-N(j+i) correlation could be exploited. The overall efficiency, however, is relatively low due to the use of two polarization-transfer steps, viz. 15N —> 13C and 13C —> 13C [183]. In comparison with the techniques, the advan-... 

Sensitivity Enhancement Techniques by Adiabatic Population Transfer. 134... 

Current methods for DNA detection usually require enzymatic amplification of the target DNA sequence prior to analysis. For example, the PCR technique selectively increases the concentration of the target sequence relative to unrelated sequences. PCR methods, however, introduce ambiguities resulting from contamination by different DNA sequence. Therefore, a definitive method is required for the analysis of a single, original DNA sequence. To achieve this objective, the sensitivity and speed of the chemiluminescent enhancement techniques described in this chapter must be improved. 

The enhancement techniques briefly described in this section are just a few of those that can be used to make cavity-enhanced evanescent-wave chemical detection even more sensitive. The use of dielectric microresonators with tapered-fiber coupling enables performance that is difficult to achieve in other configurations, while minimizing the sensor size. 

Methods Results The flow diagram (Fig. 2) outlines the methods used for the review and separation of the rocks present in the area. Image enhancement is done to increase the variance in the dataset. Contrast manipulation, spatial feature manipulation, and multi-image manipulation are used as digital enhancement techniques (Lillesand et al. 2007). In this study multi-image manipulation is used, which includes Band Ratio and Principal Component Analysis. 

The Band Ratio enhancement technique can be used to remove the brightness variation caused by topographic effects in a region. (Gad et al. 2005 NASA Remote sensing tutorial by Dr. Nicholas Short)... 

Passive heat-transfer enhancement techniques, retrofitted, 13 267 Passive mixers, in microfluidics, 26 966, 967 Passive noise detectors, 11 673 Passive nondestructive tests, 17 416, 425 Passive reactors, 17 555 Passive sensing materials, 22 706-707 Passive smart textiles, 24 625 Passive solar collection, silica aerogel application, 1 761-762 Pasta products, 26 278 Paste-extrusion process, 18 301-302 Paste forming, ceramics, 5 651 Paste inks, 14 315-316... 

Many of the characterization techniques described in this chapter require ambient or vacuum conditions, which may or may not be translatable to operational conditions. In situ or in opemndo characterization avoids such issues and can provide insight and information under more realistic conditions. Such approaches are becoming more common in X-ray adsorption spectroscopy (XAS) methods ofXANES and EXAFS, in NMR and in transmission electron microscopy where environmental instruments and cells are becoming common. In situ MAS NMR has been used to characterize reaction intermediates, organic deposits, surface complexes and the nature of transition state and reaction pathways. The formation of alkoxy species on zeolites upon adsorption of olefins or alcohols have been observed by C in situ and ex situ NMR [253]. Sensitivity enhancement techniques play an important role in the progress of this area. In operando infrared and RAMAN is becoming more widely used. In situ RAMAN spectroscopy has been used to online monitor synthesis of zeolites in pressurized reactors [254]. Such techniques will become commonplace. 

M. Robinson and P. Evans, Three dimensional x-ray systems and image enhancement techniques, in Proc. 1st Int. Symposium on Explosive Detection Technology, S.M. Khan (ed.) 13-15 November 1991, Adantic City NJ, DOT/FAA/CT-92/11 (1992) 232-236. 

Shan et al. first illustrated this solid-state enhancement technique in the context of cocrystals of the compound cyclohexane-l,3cfs,5cfs-tricarboxylic acid (CTA) 28 [55]. CTA readily formed phase-pure cocrystal material with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) 29 upon grinding for 20 min (as judged from powder XRD data). 

Other examples of use of methods based on population transfers in NMR were provided in fhe comprehensive work by Cahill et al. ° These authors used FSG-RAPT as a routine signal-enhancement technique... 

The only drawback to NMR is its low sensitivity. Concentrations in the millimolar range are sometimes required, although with computer enhancement techniques (such as Fourier transform) signals at 10 -10 M concentrations can be detected. This is especially important for nuclei that have a low natural abundance, such as (1.1%) or deuterium, (0.015%). 

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