English system equivalents

This system of units is the English-system equivalent of SI. Thus,... 

The English system equivalent is a pressure of 14.7 Ib/in (poimds per square inch) or 29.9 in Hg (inches of mercury). A recommended, yet less frequently used, systematic unit is the pascal (or kUopascal), named in honor of Blaise Pascal, a seventeenth-century French mathematician and scientist ... 

Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they have grown up with. Give the approximate English system equivalents for each of the following metric system descriptions in Exercises 17-20. 

Here, we discuss units for length, volume, mass, density, temperature, and time other units are presented in later chapters. Table 1.3 shows some SI quantities for length, volume, and mass, along with their English-system equivalents. 

The example just given illustrates how. on a macroscopic scale, heat can he considered a form of energy. Regardless of the material involved, any amount of heat absorbed or released may be quantitatively expressed as an amount of energy. A grum-calorie or heal is equivalent to 4.19 joules, and in the English system, a British thermal unit (Btu) is equivalent to 778 foot-pounds. 

English system measurements into metric equivalents quickly enlightens the instructor to the abhorrence that the non-scientist has towards mathematical manipulations. No prior knowledge of scientific principles can be assumed. In our opinion, those subjects which have not been found to be easily integrated with chemical and biological principles are best omitted from the first course of study. Hence, forensic photography, the polygraph, document examination and speed detection devices are topics that are not included in the curriculum. 

Another common unit of measurement for natural gas is by use of its heating value, expressed in British thermal units (BTU) per standard cubic foot in the English system, and in Joules (or calories) per unit volume in the metric system. Commercially used natural gas, after processing, yields the equivalent of about 950-1050 BTU/ft3. Also used as a unit of measurement is the therm, equivalent to 100,000 BTU, or the nominal heat content of 100 standard cubic feet of lean, processed natural gas. 

Here we needed three factors to convert our ratio to an equivalent ratio with different units. (Don t worry about not remembering that there are 5280 feet in 1 mile. We don t use English system measurements much at all in science, although they are used some in engineering.) ... 

In the English system of units it is necessary to relate thermal and mechanical energy via the mechanical equivalent of heat J,. Thus... 

The unit of volume in the metric system is the liter, which consists of 1000 milliliters. How many liters or milliliters is each of the following common English system measurements approximately equivalent to ... 

As disjointed as the English measurement system seems to be, it has a long tradition and some interesting and charming equivalences. Here are some more uncommon but historic measures, plus, to finish it off, a rate. 

The nomenclature used throughout the book has been amended. The principal names are those adopted by the Chemical Society. Alternative names—which are in some cases the English equivalent of the usual German names, and in others are based on the Geneva System—are given in most instances to assist the student in making reference to the original literature. 

Medium and Heavy Wall Tbbing (Table 3.9 and Table 3.10). This tubing is made in English sizes, but with the push toward the metric system such tubing is now listed in catalogs in its metric equivalent (therefore, 1" tubing is listed as 25.4 mm). Both English and metric measurements are listed in both tables. 

Eventually, ancient rules of thumb gave way to more carefully defined units. The metric system was adopted in France in 1799 and the British Imperial System of units was established in 1824. In 1893, the English units used in the United States were redefined in terms of their metric equivalents the yard was defined as 0.9144 meter, and so on. But English units continue to be used in the United States to this day, even though the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 stated that it is the declared policy of the United States...to designate the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce. ... 

Volumes are often measured in liters or milliliters in the metric system. One liter (1 L) is one cubic decimeter (1 dm ), or 1000 cubic centimeters (1000 cm ). One milliliter (1 mL) is 1 cm In medical laboratories, the cubic centimeter (cm ) is often abbreviated cc. In the SI, the cubic meter is the basic volume unit and the cubic decimeter replaces the metric unit, liter. Different kinds of glassware are used to measure the volume of liquids. The one we choose depends on the accuracy we desire. For example, the volume of a liquid dispensed can be measured more accurately with a buret than with a small graduated cylinder (Figure 1-13). Equivalences between common English units and metric units are summarized in Table 1-7. 

The conversion of a quantity expressed in units of one system to an equivalent quantity in the other system (English to metric or metric to English) requires a bridging conversion unit. Examples are shown in Table 1.3. 

The weights and measures employed in this book are chiefly those of the French decimal system. The following Tables, published by Messrs. He la Hue and Co., will enable the student to convert these into their English equivalents whenever this may he necessary. 

This book was written in a transition period when U.S. engineering and business practice was changing from English to SI units. When the references cited used En sh units, these have been retained in the text in most cases. Equivalent SI values are also provided in many passages, or conversion factors are given in footnotes. In addition, conversion tables are provided in App. B. The multiplicity of units is regrettable, but it is unavoidable until the world s technical literature has changed over completely to the SI system. 

It is often necessary to convert a given result from one system of units to another. The best way to do this is by a method called the unit factor method or, more commonly, dimensional analysis. To illustrate the use of this method, we will consider several unit conversions. Some equivalents in the English and metric systems are listed in Table 1.4. A more complete list of conversion factors given to more significant figures appears in Appendix 6. 

Units of weight, volume, and length are rendered with conventional English terms as shown in the table below. The table also shows the average and rounded-off equivalences in the Western metric system that apply between the Elan and the early Tang, the period covered by this book. 

The so-called Tartan Health Paper of 1998 (the Scottish equivalent of the English White Paper, Modern and Dependable), creates a new tool the Joint Investment Fund (JIF). The JIF invites managers to identify and extract the whole cost of care for a particular disease, from primary, secondary and tertiary care, and to reinvest it, ignoring the system delivery boundaries that bedevil most healthcare planning. 

The question mark stands for the number we want to find. To solve this problem, we must know the relationship between inches and centimeters. In Table 2.7, which gives several equivalents between the English and metric systems, we find the relationship... 

The following table (Table 2.3) presents some equivalences between the SI and English Engineering system units. 

Table 2.3 Unit measurements in SI and English Engineering system and its corresponding equivalences ...

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