Engineering emulsification

Galindo-Alvarez, J., Boyda, D., Marchal, Ph., Tribet, Ch., Perrin, P., Begue, E.M., Durand, A. and Sadder, V. (2011) Miniemulsion polymerization templates a systematic comparison between low energy emulsification (Near-PIT) and ultrasound emulsification methods. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 374 (1—3), 134—141. 

Wadle, A., Forster, Th. and von Rybinski, W. (1993) Influence of the microemulsion phase structure on the phase inversion temperature emulsification of polar oils. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 76, 51-57. 

Wieringa, J.A. Dieren, F. van Janssen, J.J.M. Agterof, W.G.M., 1996, Droplet breakup mechanisms during emulsification in colloid mills at high dispersed phase volume fraction, Chemical Engineering Research Design, 74, 554-562. 

V. Schroder and H. Schubert Emulsification Using Microporous Ceramic Membranes. In Proceedings of the First European Congress on Chemical Engineering (ECCE 1) 2491, Florence Italy (1997). 

Diesel-water emulsions are being studied extensively worldwide because of the impact these fuels have on reducing engine exhaust emissions, especially NOx and particulates. Although formulations vary, a typical diesel-water emulsion will contain approximately 80% to 90% diesel fuel, 10% to 15% water, and 1% to 5% of an emulsification additive mixture. The resulting fuel blend is transparent in appearance and has the typical appearance of diesel fuel. 

Joscelyne, S.M., Tragardh, G. (1999). Food emulsions using membrane emulsification conditions for producing small droplets. Journal of Food Engineering, 39, 59-64. 

Membrane emulsification is an appropriate technology for production of single and multiple emulsions and suspension. It was proposed for the first time at the 1988 Autumn Conference ofthe Society of Chemical Engineering, Japan. Since then, the method has continued to attract attention in particular in Japan, but also in Europe [1-10]. 

An emerging class of emulsification methods is not based on imposing an overall flow field, but rather by making individual droplets on the mouths of membrane pores or micro-engineered channels. Characteristic is that the flow fields applied are much milder energy consumption is much lower, while the droplet sizes are strongly dependent on the shape and dimensions of the pores or micro-channels. A number of processes belong to this class ... 

A second, new class of processes is that of membrane and micro-channel emulsification. A to-be-dispersed phase is here pushed through pores of a membrane or through micro-engineered micron-scale channels. At the pore or channel mouth, droplets are formed. These droplets can spontaneously detach from the pore or channel mouth (interfacial tension driven snap-off), due to the distortion of the droplet shape when it is still attached to the mouth. At higher fluxes or with channel mouths not giving a strong shape distortion, droplets are sheared off by a cross-flowing continuous phase. 

BagUoni P, Chiaramonti D, Bonini M, Soldaini I, Tondi G, BCO/Diesel oil emulsification Main achievements of the emulsification process and preliminary results of tests on diesel engine", These proceedings... 

The BCO/Dtese] oil emulsification process has been developed and optimised, to obtain a fuel easier to be handled, stored and used in Diesel engine units. On the basis of this process, stable emulsions have been prepared in some cases the stability reached even one year, thus representing a notable improvement in comparison with whole BCO, in general presenting a limited stability over the time. 

The emulsifying capacity is represented by the volume of oil (cm3) that is emulsified in a model system by 1 g of protein when oil is added continuously to a stirred aliquot of solution or dispersion of the tested protein. It is determined by measuring the quantity of oil at the point of phase inversion. The latter can be detected by a change in color, viscosity, or electrical resistance of the emulsion, or the power taken by the stirrer engine. The emulsifying capacity decreases with an increasing concentration of protein in the aqueous volume. It is affected by the parameters of emulsification, depending on the equipment, as well as by the properties of the oil. 

Particle-particle interaction is central to a wide range of engineering applications and processing industries. Examples include coagulation, flocculation, dispersion, emulsification, and froth flotation. In these applications, the particle size is small, and the overall particulate behavior is determined by forces associated with the surface properties rather than those related to mass or volume. The surface properties of a particle in a liquid medium are the result of a complex interaction between molecules, atoms, and ions at the particle surface and in the surrounding liquid. If a number of particles are present, interactions also take place between particles at short separation distances, and it is this interaction that is of most interest as it can determine the overall stability or instability of dispersions and/or suspensions. 

Liu, Q., Dong, M.-Z., Yue, X., Hou, J., 2006b. Synergy between alkah and surfactant in emulsification of heavy oil in brine. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects... 

Lyophobic emulsions are generally obtained by dispersion (emulsification) of one liquid in another in the presence of surfactants. Surfactants used in this application are referred to as emulsifiers these are typically the surfactants belonging to the third and fourth groups (see Chapter II). Only a few types of usually dilute emulsions can be formed by condensation. These include an oil emulsions formed in steam engines. 

D. J. Schares, T. Schechter, R. S. and Wade, W. H., "Spontaneous Emulsification—A Possible Mechanism for Enhanced Oil Recovery", SPE 5562. Paper presented at 50th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME. Dallas, Texas, September 28 - October 1, 1975. 

In this study, after a brief introduction to PI we provide the bases of a technique for the preparation of polymeric micro-porous materials, known as polyHIPE polymers (PHPs) which are now used extensively in PIM, and micro-reactor technology. These polymers are prepared through the high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) polymerization route. In order to control the pore size, the flow-induced phase inversion phenomenon is applied to the emulsification technique. The metalization of these polymers and formation of nano-structured micro-porous metals for intensified catalysis are also discussed. Finally, we illustrate the applications of these materials in chemical- and bioprocess intensifications and tissue engineering while examining the existence of several size-dependent phenomena. 

Many engineering factors have a profound influence on the performance of catalysts in hydroformylation, and their effects are demonstrated in terms of reaction indices such as conversion and selectivity. More concretely, these factors influence the mass transfer rate, phase dispersion, emulsification and demulsification, catalyst distribution, product separation, etc. (Table 1). 

Wagdare, N.A., Marcelis, A.T.M., Ho, O.B., Boom, R.M., and van Rijn, C.J.M. High throughput vegetable oil-in-water emulsification with a high porosity micro-engineered membrane. Journal of Membrane Science 347(1-2) (2010) 1-7. 

Stang, M. Schuchmann, H. Schubert, H., Emulsification in high-pressure homogenizers. Engineering in Life Sciences (2001) 1, 151-157. 

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