Emulsification membranes

In this chapter, we describe the new technologies that can produce various double emulsions of controlled sizes, structures and compositions. We also explain the emerging new applications of the monodisperse double emulsions prepared using those technologies. Section 21.2 describes the use of porous materials for emulsification membranes. Section 21.3 describes the use of a channel array or through-holes fabricated on a silicon substrate. Section 21.4 describes the use of microfiuidic channels on a planar substrate. Section 21.5 explains coaxial microcapillary devices. Section 21.6 describes the applications of monodisperse multiple emulsions to a new class of functional materials. 

SM Joscelyne, G Traegardh. Food emulsions using membrane emulsification conditions for producing small droplets. J Food Eng 39(l) 59-64, 1999. 

Mahdi C, Oualid H, Fatiha A, Christian P (2010) Study on ultrasonically assisted emulsification and recovery of copper(II) from wastewater using an emulsion liquid membrane process. Ultrason Sonochem 17(2) 318-325... 

Figure 15.3 illustrates schematically the different stages of a continuous separation process using the emulsion liquid membrane. There are four main stages in the flow sheet (1) emulsification of the stripping phase... 

ATP-dependent process, aided by the bile-salt excretion pump (BSEP) expression in the canalicular membrane. Conjugation increases the aqueous solubility of the bile adds, and renders these bile adds largely impermeable to the cell membranes of the intestine and duodenum hence, they are unable to leave the intestinal lumen. This allows bile-add levels to rise in the lumen, ultimately reaching sufficient concentrations to form micelles, which allow lipid emulsification and subsequent absorption. 

Membrane emulsification [14] consists of forcing the dispersed phase to permeate into the continuous phase through a membrane having a uniform pore... 

Pressure applied on the dispersed phase Figure 1.1. Schematic principle of membrane emulsification. 

Membrane emulsification allows a precise control of the droplet size and monodispersity but the scale up of this process is difficult. MicroChannel emulsification is a promising technique but the low production rates restrict its use to highly monodisperse systems intended for high-technology applications. 

K. Kandori Apphcation of Microporous Glass Membranes Membrane Emulsification. In A.G. Gaonkar (ed), Food Processing Recent Developments Elsevier, Amsterdam (1995). 

R. Katoh, Y. Asano, A. Furuya, K. Sotoyama, and M. Tomita Preparation of Food Emulsions Using Membrane Emulsification System. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Synthetic Membranes in Science 407, Tubingen, Germany (1994). 

V. Schroder, O. Behrend, and H. Schubert Effect of Dynamic Interfacial Tension on the Emulsification Process Using Microporous Ceramic Membranes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 202, 334 (1998). 

V. Schroder and H. Schubert Emulsification Using Microporous Ceramic Membranes. In Proceedings of the First European Congress on Chemical Engineering (ECCE 1) 2491, Florence Italy (1997). 

S. Ban, M. Kitana, and A. Yamasaki Preparation of O/W Emulsions with Poly(Oxyethylene) Hydrogenated Castor Oil by Using Spg Membrane Emulsification. Nippon Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 8, 737 (1994). 

The top-down approach involves size reduction by the application of three main types of force — compression, impact and shear. In the case of colloids, the small entities produced are subsequently kinetically stabilized against coalescence with the assistance of ingredients such as emulsifiers and stabilizers (Dickinson, 2003a). In this approach the ultimate particle size is dependent on factors such as the number of passes through the device (microfluidization), the time of emulsification (ultrasonics), the energy dissipation rate (homogenization pressure or shear-rate), the type and pore size of any membranes, the concentrations of emulsifiers and stabilizers, the dispersed phase volume fraction, the charge on the particles, and so on. To date, the top-down approach is the one that has been mainly involved in commercial scale production of nanomaterials. For example, the approach has been used to produce submicron liposomes for the delivery of ferrous sulfate, ascorbic acid, and other poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds (Vuillemard, 1991 ... 

Joscelyne, S.M., Tragardh, G. (2000). Membrane emulsification — a literature review. Journal of Membrane Science, 169, 107-117. 

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