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The discovery of chemical N2 fixation under ambient conditions is more compatible with a simple, complementary, low temperature and low pressure system, possibly operated electrochemically and driven by a renewable energy resource (qv), such as solar, wind, or water power, or other off-peak electrical power, located near or in irrigation streams. Such systems might produce and apply ammonia continuously, eg, directly in the rice paddy, or store it as an increasingly concentrated ammoniacal solution for later appHcation. In fact, the Birkeland-Eyde process of N2 oxidation in an electric arc has been... 

In the 1990s, the use of batteries in electric vehicles and for load leveling is being revived partly for environmental reasons and partly because of scarce energy resources. Improvements in battery performance and life, fewer maintenance requirements, and automatic control systems are making these appHcations feasible. Research and development is ongoing all over the world to develop improved lead—acid batteries as weU as other systems to meet these needs. 

John M. Wheeldon, Ph.D., Electric Power Research Institute (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)... 

Though sodium-sulfur batteries have been under development for many years, major problems still exists with material stability. It is likely that the first commercial uses of this batteiy will not be for electric vehicles. Sodium-sulfur storage batteries may be more well-suited for hybrid electric vehicles or as part of a distributed energy resources system to provide power ill remote areas or to help meet municipal peak power requirements. 

The information on life-cycle costs gained with certain items of plant and equipment need not be true for a similar item in another location, as specific details on operating hours, and maintenance attendance can vary markedly. Also, it may be an auxiliary part (e.g. an electric motor) of a major component. Therefore, it may have an entirely different set of parameters. An important element that must be examined in detail when establishing life-cycle costs of a specific item of plant and equipment is the demand placed on energy resources by them. 

Sims, R.E.H. Rogner, H.H. Gregory K. Carbon emission and mitigation cost comparisons between fossil fuel, nuclear and renewable energy resources for electricity generation. Energy Policy 2003, 31,1315-1326. 

Grubb, M. and Meyer, N. (1993). Wind energy resources, systems and regional strategies. In Renewable energy. Sources for Fuels and Electricity, ed. Johansson, T. B., Kelly, H., Reddy, A. K. N. and Williams, R. H. Washington, DC Island Press, pp. 157-212. 

Use of the equilibrium results to develop new transactions tables for an energy/materials microcosm of the economy showed a serious economic shortcoming of both policy alternatives. As modeled, the President s policy and the Advisory Council s policy would increase, rather than decrease, the direct plus indirect input requirements of the three basic conversion industries (petroleum refining, electric power, basic chemicals) from petroleum mining sources. Also, both policy recommendations would decrease, rather than increase, the direct plus indirect input requirements of these three industries from the coal mining sector. This economic implications, which evidently was not captured by state-of-the-art econometric models, means that neither policy recommendation is sufficient to transition the economy from petroleum to alternate energy resources see Thompson (7). 

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