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Energy crude oil

The purpose of plastic recycling is to save energy (crude oil) and to reduce the problems related to landfilling plastic material. When considering plastic recycling, it is important that at least the energy balance is fulfilled. The steps in the recycling process of mixed plastics include collection, separation and replacement. [Pg.160]

American Petroleum Institute. Basic Petroleum Data Book. Washington, D.C. American Petroleum Institute (0730-5621). Published twice a year in print, also available online. Covers primarily U.S. statistics, with some world data. Sections include energy, crude oil reserves, exploration and drilling, production, financial, prices, demand, refining, imports, exports, offshore, transportation, natural gas, OPEC, environmental, and miscellaneous. Historical data are included. The API also publishes the Weekly Statistical Bulletin and the Monthly Statistical Report. [Pg.493]

US. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, andNatural GasEiquids Keserves, Energy Information Agency, Washington, D.C., 1992. [Pg.8]

Try the following problem to sharpen your skills in working with material and energy balances. Crude oil is heated to 525° K and then charged at a rate of 0.06 m /hr to the flash zone of a pilot-scale distillation tower. The flash zone is maintained at an absolute temperature of 115 kPa. Calculate the percent vaporized and the amounts of the overhead and bottoms streams. Assume that the vapor and liquid are in equilibrium. [Pg.388]

In the free market, as long as petroleum supplies are plentiful, there is little incentive for oil companies to transition to any of the alternative fuels, which is a major reason that the U.S. Department of Energy projects petroleum consumption will rise from 18.6 million barrels per day in 1997 to 22.5-26.8 million barrels by 2020. As the crude oil resei ves dwindle, the... [Pg.68]

After the average crude oil price increased from 3.18 per barrel in 1970 to 21.59 in 1980, many analysts forecast skyrocketing energy prices for the remainder of the centuiy. The middle price path of the U.S. Energy Information Administration in 1979 projected a nominal price of 117.50 per barrel in 1995 Such forecasts seemed to be soundly based not only in recent experience but also in the economic theoiy of exhaustible resources. As a consequence, U.S. industries invested heavily in energy conseiwa-tion measures, with the result that industrial consumption of energy decreased from 31.5 quads in 1973 to 27.2 in 1985. Some of this investment was probably not warranted on economic efficiency gi ounds because prices ceased to rise after 1981, and even plummeted to 10 per barrel in 1986. [Pg.358]

Campbell, C. J. (1997). The Coming Oil Crisis. Brentwood, United.Kingdom Multi-Science Publishing Company. Edwards, J. D. (1997). Crude Oil and Alternate Energy Production Forecasts for the Twenty-first Centuiy The End of the Hydrocarbon Era. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 81 1292-1305. [Pg.507]

The London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) is the second largest energy futures exchange in the world, listing futures contracts that represent the pricing benchmarks for two-thirds of the world s crude oil and the majority of middle distillate traded in Europe. IPE natural gas futures may also develop into an international benchmark as the European market develops larger sales volume. [Pg.545]

All of the world s major economies, as well as scores of smaller, low-income nations, rely mainly on hydrocarbons. Crude oil now supplies two-fifths of the world s primary energy (Table 1). There are distinct consumption patterns in the shares of light and hea vy oil products the United States burns more than 40 percent of all its liquid fuels as gasoline, Japan just a fifth and the residual fuel oil accounts for nearly a third of Japanese use, but for less than 3 percent of the U.S. total. Small countries of the Persian Gulf have the highest per capita oil consumption (more than 5 t a year in the United Arab Emirates and in Qatar) the U.S. rate is more than 2.5 t a year European means arc around 1 t China s mean is about 120 kg, and sub-Saharan Africa is well below 100 kg per capita. [Pg.568]

The United States became the world s first producer of deep crude oil from an oil well when in 1859 Colonel Edwin Drake successfully used a pipe drilled into the ground to obtain oil. From then until about 1970, the United States was virtually energy-independent with only some oil and gas imports from Mexico and Canada. Wliile U.S. reserves of coal, natural gas and uranium continue to be large enough to supply internal demand with enough left over to export, the supply of oil took a sharp turn downward. After 1970, even while U.S. demand continued to increase at a steep 6.5 percent per year, the supply of U.S. oil began to decline, necessitating sharp increases in U.S. oil imports. [Pg.663]

Another U.S. policy to attain energy independence was to force all Alaskan North Slope crude oil to he consumed inside the United States and not be allowed to he exported. The problem was that North Slope crude oil is relatively heavy and not suitable for west coast fuel needs. The mismatch of supply and demand caused California refineries to sell heavy distillate fuels abroad and import lighter fuel additives. Furthermore, the forced selling of Alaska crude oil on a very saturated west coast market caused Alaska crude prices to he 1 to 5 per barrel less than the international price, resulting in less oil exploration and development in Alaska. The upshot of all this was lower tax revenue, a loss of jobs in the oil fields, and less oil exploration and development on the North Slope. The United States actually exported heavy bunker fuel oil at a loss, as opposed to the profit that could have been attained by simply exporting crude oil directly. [Pg.664]

Large-scale crude oil exploitation began in the late nineteenth century. Internal combustion engines, which make use of the heat and kinetic energy of controlled explosions in a combustion chamber, were developed at approximately the same time. The pioneers in this field were Nikolaus Otto and Gottleib Daimler. These devices were rapidly adapted to military purposes. Small internal-combustion motors were used to drive dynamos to provide electric power to fortifications in Europe and the United States before the outbreak of World War I. Several armies experimented vith automobile transportation before 1914. The growing demand for fossil fuels in the early decades of the twentieth centuiy was exacerbated by the modernizing armies that slowly introduced mechanization into their orders of battle. The traditional companions of the soldier, the horse and mule, were slowly replaced by the armored car and the truck in the early twentieth century. [Pg.800]


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