Endoscopic catheter

Using flexible endoscopic catheters, intravascular fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging demonstrated that atherosclerotic plaques and other vascular abnormalities can be identified and characterized based either on endogenous fluorophores [11] or exogenous fluorescent dyes [146,147]. 

Epoxies are commonly used on syringe endoscopes, catheters, blood heat exchangers, syringes, as well as dental, surgical and orthopaedic handheld, powered instruments. They are also used in the assembly of stainless-steel or titanium access ports that are implanted beneath the skin of patients who require multiple infusions. 

Disinfectants are used in janitorial suppHes for hospitals and the home to treat toilet bowls, floors and walls in sick rooms, operating rooms, and wherever infective microorganisms are a problem. Instmments such as scalpels, scissors, catheters, and endoscopes used to invade tissues are treated with disinfectants, as are dental instmments. Laws require that hospital waste must be disinfected so that bacteria and vimses, such as the hepatitis vims and the AIDS vims, do not infect hospital workers and people in the community. 

Endoscopy Cardiovascular imaging Imaging via endoscopes or intravasal catheters Tumours of the GI tract. Reflected light, oral cavity fluorescence. , , . Atherosclerotic plaques... 

Miniaturized Raman probes are potentially powerful tools for in situ diagnoses deep inside the human body, if used inside a catheter or in combination with an endoscope. Since a Raman probe is usually used with other techniques, such as endoscopy and ultrasound imaging, it may be regarded as an assist device. Therefore, Raman probes must be designed to fit the system with which they will be used. 

The monopolar probe (C.R. Youmans et af, 1970) has a small differential electrode inside a catheter, which may be routed to the site of bleeding through the endoscope. At the same time, the nondifferential electrode surface is fastened to one of the patient s extremities. Highly concentrated electrical energy is emitted from the probe and effects deep tissue coagulation. Primary haemostasis was achieved in 79 — 91% of the reported cases recurrent bleeding only occurred in 6-8%. (30)... 

Medical devices, which are all products, except medicines, used in healthcare for the diagnosis, prevention, monitoring or treatment of illness or disability and can include anaesthetic equipment, dressings, catheters, endoscopes, thermometers, syringes and needles as well as larger equipment such as ventilators, defibrillators and wheelchairs. 

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (FRCP) is an important procedure that is used to evaluate and treat diseases of the biliary tree and pancreas. By injecting contrast agents throngh a catheter... 

Peitersen-Oberndorff KE, Vos GD, Baeten CG. Serous complications after incomplete removal of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy catheters. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999 2 230-232. 

Phenazopyridine (200 mg t.i.d.) is indicated in the symptomatic relief of pain, burning, urgency, frequency, and other discomforts arising from irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa caused by infections, trauma, surgery, endoscopic procedures, or passage of sounds or catheters. Its analgesic action may reduce or eliminate the need for systemic analgesics or narcotics. 

It is also used as a lubricant and anaesthetic on intra-tracheal catheters, pharyngeal and nasal airways, nasogastric and endoscopic tubes etc. 

Another approach to the treatment of biliary obstructive jaundice is the use of endoscopic antegrade cholangiography (ERC). The main advantage of PTC over ERC is that it is a percutaneous technique that allows for easier access to the catheter in case of obstruction or infection. Secondly, PTC will be successful in cases of complete obstruction of the common bile duct because then external biliary drainage can be performed. Finally, ERC has a higher number of complications, such as pancreatitis and perforation, especially when the operator does not do the procedure on a regular basis. This is even more the case in children inhere special scopes are needed to perform a successful ERC. This procedure will therefore only be performed in specialized centres. The advantage of ERC over PTC lies mainly... 

Fig. 14.4. a Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography that shows the presence of a bile duct stenosis, b Percutaneous cholangiography that shows the presence of multiple stenoses in the bile ducts. The prostheses are occluded, c Cholangiography performed after the placement of an internal-external drainage catheter... 

Critical instruments come into direct contact with the patient s bloodstream or other sterile areas of the body. Examples of critical instruments include needles, surgical instruments used within the body, IV catheters, peritoneal endoscopes, and kidney dialysis membranes. Semicritical instruments must be free of pathogenic organisms. Examples of semicritical instruments are gastrointestinal endoscopes, bronchoscopes, vaginal speculums, respiratory care devices, and anesthesia equipment. Semicritical instruments must, at a minimum, require high-level disinfecting. 

F. 3.2 a Schematic view of a single screw extmder. b An example of single lumen and multilumen tubes. Typical applications include drug and stent delivery catheter shafts, endoscopes, electrophysiology and diagnostic catheters, and neurovascular devices produced by extrusion, b Source A.P. Extrusion Co., Salem New Hampshire, USA... 

Platinum is used to manufacture medical and surgical devices like endoscopes and catheters. Owing to its unmatched and stable electrical conductivity, it is also used extensively in the manufacture of pacemakers. 

Relief of biliary obstruction, previously wholly a surgical procedure, is now accomplished by percutaneous or endoscopic techniques. Three types of drainage procedures are performed (1) external drainage, in which a percutaneous catheter is placed into the bile ducts above the obstructing lesion (2) internal/external drainage in which a percutaneously placed catheter is placed with the tip in the duodenum and (3) internal drainage using a totally internal... 

Fig. 1.6a-d. Rendezvous procedure for a distal CBD stricture with failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, a CT shows a distal biliary obstruction along with multiple liver metastasis (arrow), b The stricture of the distal common bile duct was negotiated and an 8-F multi-sidehole catheter was inserted (arrow). This facilitated endoscopic bile duct cannulation (c) and subsequent stent placement (d)... 

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