Endoderm

Nair S, Schilling TF (2008) Chemokine signaling controls endodermal migration during zebrafish gastrulation. Science 322 89-92... 

Mnt+I- Embryonic expression restricted to endoderm (liver and intestine) GR first detected at El 2 BW 55%N placenta also small most organs proportionately small except brain Cattanach et al 2000, Davies 2000... 

Niimi, G., et al. A light and electron microscopic study of the mouse visceral yolk sac endodermal cells in the middle and late embryonic periods, showing the possibility of definitive erythropoiesis, Ann. Anat., 184,425, 2002. 

Reinhardt DH, Rost TL. Salinity accelerates endodermal development and induces exodermis in cotton seedling roots. Env Exp Bot 1995 35 563-574. 

Gierth M, Stelzer R, Lehmann H. Endodermal Ca and Sr partitioning in needles of the European larch Larix decidua (L.) Mill.). J. Plant Physiol 1998 152 25-30. 

Rishi AK, Joyce-Brady M, Fisher J, Dobbs LG, Floras J, VanderSpek J, Brody JS, Williams MC (1995) Cloning, characterization, and development expression of a rat lung alveolar type I cell gene in embryonic endodermal and neural derivatives. Dev Biol 167(1) 294-306... 

The ESC of hamsters, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cattle, and primates are obtained from three embryonic layers, these are ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The lines of murine permanent ESC are known. J. A. Thompson et al. (1996-1998) obtained several lines of permanent ESC of human from internal cellular mass (ICM) of blastocyst. 

According to the accepted definition SC, resulting in only one type of the differentiated cells, are named unipotential (or monopotential), two - bipotential. Those cells which give the beginning to a few types of different specialized cells are named pluripotential or multipotential. Totipotential is the ability of cell to differentiate in all the types of cells and tissues of organism (in any of 350 specialized lines derivative of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). 

Stem cells are present in the earliest stage of embryonic development the blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of generating any terminally differentiated cell in the human body that is derived from any one of the three embryonic germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm [8]. All the body s organs arise through a series of divisions and differentiations from the original embryonic stem cells that form the blastocyst [3]. 

Cord blood has long been used as a source of MSCs for bone marrow transplantation. The stem cell compartment is more abundant and less mature in cord blood than in bone marrow. Moreover, MSCs in cord blood have a higher proliferative potential because of their extended lifespan and longer telomeres [91-94]. Not only can cord-blood MSCs be harvested without morbidity to the donor, but they also display a robust in vitro capacity for directable or spontaneous differentiation into mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal cell fates. Cord-blood MSCs are CD45 and HLA-II and can be expanded without losing their pluripotency. Therefore, cord blood is also undergoing preclinical evaluation as a possible easily accessible source of multipotent cells. 

Figure 8.3 Specialized cells and tissues in our body develop in stages. The embryo inner cell mass develops into three layers the outer layer, or ectoderm, that will become skin, eyes, and nerves the inner cell layer, the endoderm, that develops into the lungs, liver, and the lining of our digestive system and the middle layer, the mesoderm, that develops into bones, muscle, and blood.

Sell, A., Sogaard, H., et al, Serum alpha-fetoprotein as a marker for the effect of post-operative radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy in eight cases of ovarian endodermal sinus tumour. Int. J. Cancer. 18(5), 574-580(1976). 

The appearance of the embryonic germ layers, the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, is the next stage, with the gross segregation of cells into groups. Damage at this stage may be associated with specific effects. 

Individuals of the next most complex major phylum, Cnidaria (formerly Coelenterata), are radially symmetric with two distinct cell layers, the endoderm and ectoderm. Many species exist both as a polyp or hydra form (Fig. 1-13) and as a medusa or jellyfish. The jellyfish apparently has no brain but the ways in which its neurons interconnect in a primitive radial net are of interest. The Cnidaria have a very simple body form with remarkable regenerative powers. The freshwater hydra, a creature about 1 cm long (Fig. 1-13), contains a total of -105 cells. A complete hydra can be regenerated from a small piece of tissue if the latter contains some of both the inner and the outer cell layers.121 122... 

The body of flatworms (phylum Platyhehninthes) consists of two external cell layers (endoderm and ectoderm) with a third layer between. A distinct excretory system is present. In addition to a nerve net resembling that of the Cnidaria, there are a cerebral ganglion and distinct eyes. One large group of flat-worms, the planaiians (typically about 15 mm in length, Fig. 1-14), inhabit freshwater streams. They are said to be the simplest creatures in which behavior can be studied. 

Enantiotopic atoms or groups 479 Endergonic reactions 286 Endo ring conformation 212 Endocytosis 13,425-427 Endoderm 23 Endoglucanases 602 Endoglycanases 593, 602 Endonexin SeeAnnexin Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 10,13,14, 521 cisternae of 14 definition of 14 in micrograph 13 rough 14 smooth 14 Endosomes 13, 426 Endosperm 30... 

A well-fed hydra (Fig. 1-13) appears immortal. Its body cells are sloughed off and replaced at a steady rate so that within a month or so its body has been completely renewed 35 The hydra contains only ten cell types. These include two kinds of stem cells that give rise to the ectodermal and endodermal cells of the body wall as well as small interstitial stem cells (Fig. 1-13) that differentiate nerve cells, germ cells, and the nematocytes or stinging cells. Of the 105 cells in a hydra about 3600 are interstitial stem cells. Each day they generate 400 nerve cells and 1800 nematocyte precursor cells as well as 3500 new interstitial cells. 

---