Body wall

Niclosamide causes the tapeworm head to disengage from the intestinal wall of the host and the body wall of the parasite to disintegrate. The first... 

Janssen HH, Oeschger R. 1992. The body wall of Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapulida)-ultrastructure and changes induced by hydrogen sulfide. Hydrobiologia 230 219-230. 

Franz, M., Melles, J. and Buttner, D.W. (1984) Electron microscope study of the body wall and the gut of adult Loa loa. Zeitschrift fiir Parasitenkunde 70, 525-536. 

Vincent, A.L., Portaro, J.K. and Ash, L.R. (1975) A comparison of the body wall ultrastructure of Brugia pahangi with that of Brugia malayi. Journal of Parasitology 63, 567-570. 

The anaerobic metabolism of adult body wall muscle has been well characterized (Komuniecki and Harris, 1995). Large glycogen stores are... 

Mitochondria from body wall muscle and probably the pharynx lack a functional TCA cycle and their novel anaerobic pathways rely on reduced organic acids as terminal electron acceptors, instead of oxygen (Saz, 1971 Ma et al, 1993 Duran et al, 1998). Malate and pyruvate are oxidized intramitochondrially by malic enzyme and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, respectively, and excess reducing power in the form of NADH drives Complex II and [3-oxidation in the direction opposite to that observed in aerobic organelles (Kita, 1992 Duran et al, 1993 Ma et al,... 

Fig. 14.4. Expression of subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during the development of A suum. Homogenates of different A suum larval stages and adult tissues were immunoblotted with polyclonal antisera prepared against individual subunits of the A suum PDC isolated from adult muscle, as described in detail in Klingbeil etal. (1996). UE, unembryonated egg M, adult body wall muscle p45, E3-binding protein (E3BP).

Thissen, J., Desai, S., McCartney, P. and Komuniecki, R. (1986) Improved purification of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Ascaris suum body wall muscle and characterization of PDHa kinase activity. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 21, 129-138. 

Fig. 20.1. Confocal images of whole mounts of the ovijector region of A suum stained with phalloidin-tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) to show muscle and with an anti-RFamide antiserum coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to show FaRPergic nerves. (A) Main ventral nerve cord encircles opening of ovijector where it meets the body wall and is immunopositive for FaRPs. (B) Flat-fixed preparation of the ovijector showing circular muscles and tracts of parallel FaRPergic nerves (arrows). (C) Detail of the circular muscle of ovijector and associated nerves (arrows). (D) A FaRPergic cell body is localized in the ventral nerve cord at junction with ovijector and provides innervation to ovijector muscle.

The first identified Ascaris FaRP, AF1 (KNEFIRFamide), and the structurally related peptide, AF2 (KHEYLRFamide), have been found to inhibit locomotory waves when injected into adult worms (Cowden et al., 1989 Cowden and Stretton, 1993). Their effects on body-wall muscle strips are biphasic, comprising a transient relaxation followed by an extended period of increased contractile activity (Maule et al., 1995b Bowman et al., 1996). When using muscle strips that have had the motor nerve cords removed, only the inhibitory actions of AF1 and AF2 are seen (Maule et al., 1995b). This suggests that the inhibitory phase is due to post-synaptic effects on body-wall muscle in the worm. In contrast, the excitatory effects are nerve-cord dependent and are not observed in muscle strips that have been denervated. Another possibility is that the peptides interact with receptors at the post-synaptic junction - these are also removed in specimens that have had the motor nerve cords removed. 

KSAYMRFamide (AF8) has been found to have nerve cord-dependent excitatory effects on ventral and inhibitory effects on dorsal muscle strips of A. suum (Maule et al, 1995b). To date, this is the only peptide found to display differential activity on body-wall muscle of Ascaris. The segmental oscillator model of locomotion proposed for A. suum relies on reciprocal inhibition of opposing effects on dorsal and ventral muscle fields which, with the appropriate time intervals, result in the recognized nematode locomotory wave form (Stretton et al., 1985 Davis and Stretton, 1996). It seems reasonable to hypothesize that AF8 could be involved in the... 

PF1 and PF2 have also been found to modulate the contractile activity of the ovijector of A. suum (Fellowes et al., 2000). PF1 and PF2 reduce the inherent contractile activity of the ovijector by an unknown mechanism. It is possible that this inhibitory activity, like that seen in the body wall, relies on NO. 

Isotonic muscle contraction was used to measure the effects of selected nematode FaRPs on the body-wall muscle of H. contortus. AF2 was found to have inhibitory effects on muscle activity and inhibited acetylcholine (ACh) -induced contractions in the worm whereas AF8 had excitatory effects on the muscle and enhanced ACh-induced contractions (Marks et al., 1999a). There were obvious differences in the methodologies used to evaluate the effects of these peptides on Haemonchus muscle compared with those used to examine these peptide effects on Ascaris. How comparable the results are has yet to be determined. 

Starfish, Luidia clathrats, Tampa Bay, Florida vs. Gulf of Mexico 1992 Body wall Pyloric caeca... 

Somatic 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]... 

Threatened or wounded sea cucumber Holothuraided) will contract its body exposing the small skeletal bones that make up the body wall, which can act as hooks to the mouths of predators. For most species, the connective tissue that makes up the greater part of the body wall is the primary deterrent to predators.The contracted body not only makes a more compact body to bite, but increases the stiffness of the body wall. The sea cucumber also has a very unusual defense mechanism. Many species use the Cuvierian tubules, which are located in the digestive system of the animal to confuse... 

Examine the external torso, body surface/skin, body wall, umbilical cord, tail, limbs, and digits (fore and hind). 

The body wall of sea cucumber is easily and greatly hardened by heat, acid treatment, or even by handling stimulation under physiological conditions. Chemical and rheological analyses of the body wall have not... 

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