Endocrine function adrenal

Metyrapone is useful in testing the endocrine functioning of the a cells of pancreatic islets P cells of pancreatic islets Neurohypophysis Pituitary-adrenal axis Leydig s cells of the testes... 

The ovary normally ceases its gametogenic and endocrine function with time. This change is accompanied by a cessation in uterine bleeding (menopause) and occurs at a mean age of 52 years in the USA. Although the ovary ceases to secrete estrogen, significant levels of estrogen persist in many women as a result of conversion of adrenal and ovarian steroids such as androstenedione to estrone and estradiol in adipose and possibly other nonendocrine tissues. 

Changes in serum proteins and other effects on endocrine function (see above) must be taken into account when thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary function is being evaluated. Increases in sedimentation rate are thought to be due to increased levels of fibrinogen. 

Adrenocorticotropin is a peptide hormone produced in the anterior pituitary. Its primary endocrine function is to stimulate synthesis and release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Corticotropin can be used therapeutically, but a synthetic derivative is more commonly—and almost exclusively—used to assess adrenocortical responsiveness. A substandard adrenocortical response to exogenous corticotropin administration indicates adrenocortical insufficiency. 

Experimental evidence suggests that sigma receptors play an important role in regulating and integrating both immune and endocrine functions. In experimental studies, it has been shown that the selective sigma ligand N-allyl-normetazocine stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis... 

The primary purpose of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis — that is, to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the face of a constantly changing external environment. The endocrine system consists of hormones and the glands and tissues that produce the hormones. A hormone is a chemical substance released by certain cells to effect the function of other distant cells (endocrine function). Many compounds act as endocrine hormones as well as having paracrine and autocrine functions. Paracrine and autocrine describe actions on nearby cells and on other cells that produce the substance, respectively. There is considerable overlap between substances classified as hormones and other chemical messengers such as neurotransmitters and cytokines. Many substances function in more than one of these categories. For example, epinephrine and norepinephrine function as both neurotransmitters and adrenal medullary hormones. 

Endocrine function HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors interfere with cholesterol synthesis and lower cholesterol levels and, as such, might theoretically blunt adrenal or gonadal steroid hormone production. 

The Chinese Kidney not only controls fluid metabolism but also stores Jing, or the life force, the primal essence. Without Jing there is no life, no growth, no maturation, no sexual activity or procreation. The Chinese Kidneys control reproductive functions and certain endocrine functions (especially adrenal activity), and, as previously mentioned, governs fluid metabolism. 

Other effects of PCBs on endocrine function that have been observed in experimental animals include effects on the adrenal glands and serum adrenal steroid levels. 

Other effects of PCBs on endocrine function that have been observed in experimental animals include effects on the adrenal glands and serum adrenal steroid levels (Byrne et al. 1988 Kato et al. 1982a Miller et al. 1993b Rao ad Banerji 1993 Sanders et al. 1974 Wasserman et al. 1973). Studies that have shown depressed levels of adrenal cortical steroids in PCB-exposed animals are also relevant because depressed levels of adrenal steroids have been associated with hypothyroidism in humans (Dluhy 2000). In hypothyroidism, this effect is thought to result from decreases in both secretion and metabolism of adrenal steroids. 

Though less frequently sought, endocrine disturbances form an essential part of the clinical picture in malnutrition. Their importance has been emphasized by Samuels (1948), Zubirdn (1949), and by Gillman and Gillman (1951). The similarity between the clinical manifestations of malnutrition and those of altered endocrine function are evidenced by the frequency of serious sexual disturbances, pigmentations of the skin, lowered metabolic rates, gynecomastia, asthenia, hypotension, and other symptoms which could be attributed to dysfunction of the thyroid, the adrenals, the pituitary, or the gonads in undernourished individuals. 

Lithium Adrenal gland (60ngg ) Bone (100ngg ) Lymph nodes (200 ngg ) Pituitary gland (135ngg ) Urine None Identified Regulation of some endocrine function... 

An increase in plethora and focal dystrophic changes in the endocrine system matches clinical observations of changes in adrenal and thyroid function, as well as changes in local and general vascular dystonia, all detected in humans poisoned by OCP. Morphological changes in the brain s nerve cells conform to information on the disruption of reflex activity in the early stages of OCP exposure. 

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