Encapsulated compounds, calcium

Figure 13.14 Hollow-structured calcium phosphate nanospheres can be transferred into pin-shaped crystallites under ultrasonic treatment. In this way the release of encapsulated compounds can be triggered on/off and its kinetics precisely regulated by the power density, duty cycle and application time of the ultrasound. Calcium phosphate nanospheres and ultrasonic treatment can be...

Scale prevention methods include operating at low conversion and chemical pretreatment. Acid injection to convert COs to CO2 is commonly used, but cellulosic membranes require operation at pH 4 to 7 to prevent hydrolysis. Sulfuric acid is commonly used at a dosing of 0.24 mg/L while hydrochloric acid is to be avoided to minimize corrosion. Acid addition will precipitate aluminum hydroxide. Water softening upstream of the RO By using lime and sodium zeolites will precipitate calcium and magnesium hydroxides and entrap some silica. Antisealant compounds such as sodium hexametaphosphate, EDTA, and polymers are also commonly added to encapsulate potential precipitants. Oxidant addition precipitates metal oxides for particle removal (converting soluble ferrous Fe ions to insoluble ferric Fe ions). 

Because of their ability to react with calcium ions at ambient temperatures to form thermally stable gels or fibers, alginates can provide a useful encapsulating or entrapping system for oil soluble flavor compounds. 

Several reports in the literature have indicated that transdermal delivery may be further increased by combining chemical excipients with electroporation. These investigations included macromolecules like dextrans [58], cyclodextrins [59] and even simple salts such as calcium chloride [60]. Other workers have, however, looked at encapsulation of compounds within lipid vesicles (liposomes) as potential candidates for electroporation-mediated delivery [61,62]. A fuller treatment of this combination is described in Chapter 17. 

Sukhorukov GB, Volodkin DV, Gunther AM et al (2004) Porous calcium carbonate microparticles as templates for encapsulation of bioactive compounds. J Mater Chem 14 2073-2081... 

Synonims 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic, acid calcium salt octacosanoic acid, calcium salt (2 1) calcium difluoride propanedioic acid, calcium salt (1 1) 1,5-pentane dicarboxylic acid, calcium salt (lR,2R,3S,4S)-rel-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, disodium salt mixture of polycarbonic acid salt and inorganic carbonate in a polymeric carrier, sodium 2,2 -methylene-bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate bicyclic (2,2,1) heptane di-carboxylate 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, calcium salt -i- zinc stearate bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarbo lic acid, disodium salt, (IR, 2R, 3S, 4S)-rel-and a blend of amorphous silicon dioxide coated wilh 13-docosenamide in a 1 1 ratio proprietary zinc compound octacosanoic acid, calcium salt (2 1) benzoic acid, lithium salt zinc monoglycerolate sodium benzoate encapsulated sodium salts of carbonic and poly-carboxylic acids with styrene and SEES rubber carrier resins zinc,[l,2,3-propanetriolato(2-)-k01,k02]homopolymer, stereoisomer... 

Because the presence of yeasts can represent a logistical bottleneck in postfermentation clarification, an alternative that has been studied is the use of immobilized microorganisms. Here, yeasts are trapped in calcium alginate beads or strands that are collectively packed into a synthetic mesh sleeve that is immersed into the juice/must. Relatively few yeasts (<10V mL) escape the encapsulation matrix (Yokotsuka et al., 1993) but yet conduct an active alcoholic fermentation. Yajima and Yokotsuka (2001) reported that concentrations of some undesirable volatile compounds (methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetaldehyde) were lower in wines made using Saccharomyces immobilized in double-layer beads. Immobilized yeasts... 

Hauber S-O, Lissner F, Deacon GB, Niemeyer M (2005) Stabilization of aryl-calcium, -strontium, and -barium compounds by designed steric and jc-bonding encapsulation. Angew Chem Int Ed 44 5871-5875, Angew Chem 117 6021-6025... 

Ruspic C, Harder S (2005) Synthesis and structure of an arylcalcium compound with an unusual calcium tetrahedron containing an encapsulated oxide. Organometallics 24 5506-5508... 

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