Polycarbonic acid

Phosgene is a colorless gas at ambient temperature and pressure. Its odor has been described as similar to new-mown hay. Phosgene is manufactured from a reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine gas in the presence of activated charcoal. The production of dyestuffs, isocyanates, carbonic acid esters (polycarbonates), acid chlorides, insecticides, and pharmaceutical chemicals requires phosgene. Manufacture of phosgene is approximately 1 million tons per year (y) in the United States, and more than 10,000 workers are involved in its manufacture and use. Manufacture of phosgene in the United States is... 

Antisealants Polymeric substances such as polyphosphates, phosphonates and polycarbonic acids... 

The extent of process recovery is often limited by the fouling of membranes from sparing soluble precipitates. Antisealants are added during pretreatment to increase the solubility of salts likely to precipitate, enabling the membrane process to achieve a higher recovery before fouling occurs. Antisealants can be a number of polymeric substances (typically polyphosphates, phosphonates and polycarbonic acids), and as there is no treatment process to remove antisealant, they will be present in the membrane concentrate discharge. 

Usually they distinguish two types of complexes polyelectrolyte-ionic SAS. Firstly, complexes in which only the part of polymer units is connected with SAS iones. Such complexes are soluble in water their solubility is determined by the presence of polymer units not connected with SAS ions. Secondly, the complexes in which all or almost all units of polymer chain are connected with SAS ions. Such complexes are insoluble in water and are precipitated. Schematically soluble and non-soluble complexes of polyelectrolyte-SAS (on the example of complexes of polycarbonic acids with alkyltrimethylammonium bromides) are presented in Figure 3. 

Figure 3. Macromolecular organization of soluble (a) and non-soluble (b) complexes of polycarbonic acids with alkyltrimethylammonium bromides.

Particles of complexes of PAA and PMAA with alkyltrimethylammonium bromides include one macromolecule and micellar phase is formed as one "big" micelle (Figure 3). complexes of PSS are also formed in the volume of one macromolecule, however in contrast to complexes of polycarbonic acids micellar phase is formed as "not big" aggregates [28], Quite the contrary, the particles of complexes of PDAC with SDD are consisted of dozens of... 

Figure 7. Hypothetic structure of complex of polycarbonic acid with dodecylsubstituted polyethyleneglycole at low (compact ball) (a) and high (swollen ball) (b) contents of detergent in solution.

Pumice stone Pasted by cement or polycarbonate Acid orange 7 and 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid [509]... 

Metolat FC 514 [Munzing Chemie GmbH King Ind.j Chem. Descrip. Salt of a polycarbon acid Uses Dispersant for extenders/pigments in aq. systems incl. emulsion paints... 

Synonims isocinchomeronic acid mixture of polycarbonic acids, inorganic carbonates, and fatty acid derivatives aminoacetic acich aminosuccinic acid poly(glycolic acid) polyoxyacetyl poly(L-lactic acid) ... 

Synonims 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic, acid calcium salt octacosanoic acid, calcium salt (2 1) calcium difluoride propanedioic acid, calcium salt (1 1) 1,5-pentane dicarboxylic acid, calcium salt (lR,2R,3S,4S)-rel-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, disodium salt mixture of polycarbonic acid salt and inorganic carbonate in a polymeric carrier, sodium 2,2 -methylene-bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate bicyclic (2,2,1) heptane di-carboxylate 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, calcium salt -i- zinc stearate bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarbo lic acid, disodium salt, (IR, 2R, 3S, 4S)-rel-and a blend of amorphous silicon dioxide coated wilh 13-docosenamide in a 1 1 ratio proprietary zinc compound octacosanoic acid, calcium salt (2 1) benzoic acid, lithium salt zinc monoglycerolate sodium benzoate encapsulated sodium salts of carbonic and poly-carboxylic acids with styrene and SEES rubber carrier resins zinc,[l,2,3-propanetriolato(2-)-k01,k02]homopolymer, stereoisomer... 

Azodicarbonamide, sulfonyl hydrazides, sulfonyl semicarbazides, and dinitro-pentamethylene tetramine are examples of exothermic blowing agents. Sodium borohydride, sodium bicarbonate, and polycarbonic acid are examples of endothermic blowing agents. 

CBAs are based on blends of inorganic carbonates and polycarbonic acids. Proper combination of these materials allows for operating temperature ranges of 150-300°C. A common commercial system is based on citric acid [77-92-9] and sodium bicarbonate [144-55-8]. Endothermic CBAs generally produce a lower gas yield providing foams with smaller cell structure than exothermic CBAs do. Clariant (Hydrocerol) is the leading supplier of endothermic CBAs. 

FIGURE 17.8 SEM of amorphous PLA 8302D (NatureWorks, 10% D-lactic acid content) foamed with 0.5% endothermic CFA (BIH40 from Boehringer Ingelheim Chemicals, which is sodium salt of polycarbonic acid + carbonate compounds) at 40rpm (a) 30 x and (b) 70 x magnifications [86]. 

Chem. Descrip. Polycarbon acid salt Ionic Nature Anionic... 

---