Enactment

Action to compile standards for food-grade chemicals did not take place until after the enactment of the Food Additives Amendment to the Food, Dmg, and Cosmetic Act in 1958 (13). This amendment stated that substances added to foods should be of food-grade quaUty, but it contained no criteria by which such quahty could be determined (see also Colorants forfood, drugs, cosmetics, and medicaldevices). The Food Protection Committee of the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council (NAS—NRC) therefore undertook the project of producing a Food Chemicals Codex. 

A projection of biomass energy consumption in the United States for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030 is shown in Table 6 by end use sector (12). This analysis is based on a National Premiums Scenario which assumes that specific market incentives are appHed to aU. new renewable energy technology deployment. The scenario depends on the enactment of federal legislation equivalent to a fossil fuel consumption tax. Any incentives over and above those in place (ca 1992) for use of renewable energy will have a significant impact on biomass energy consumption. 

The Energy PoHcy Act of 1992 (H.R. 776) has Hberalized the rules concerning biofuels and provides tax incentives for increased usage. Many states also have gasohol fuel tax exemptions in place, and some have enacted legislation that requites use of oxygenated fuels under certain conditions. Most of these laws impact favorably on biofuels usage. 

In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1970 imposed limitations on composition of new fuels, and as such methanol-containing fuels were required to obtain Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) waivers. Upon enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, EPA set for waiver unleaded fuels containing 2 wt % maximum oxygenates excluding methanol (0.3 vol % maximum). Questions regarding methanol s influence on emissions, water separation, and fuel system components were raised (80). 

Starting in the city of Sao Paulo in 1977, and extending to the entire state of Sao Paulo in 1978, a gasohol incorporating 20% ethanol was mandated. Brazil s National Alcohol Program (Proalcool) set an initial goal of providing the 20% fuel mixture nationwide by 1980—1981 and a system of special tax, warranty, and price considerations were enacted to advance the aims of Proalcool. 

The primary environmental concern for the coating plant is actually the residual material on the anode stmctures being returned for recoating. Therefore the anode user must enact effective cleaning procedures prior to shipment. For example, anodes in chlorine use must be cleaned of all traces of mercury and asbestos (qv). Anodes used in electrogalvanizing or in copper-foil production must similarly be cleaned to remove all traces of process materials. If cleaning at the user s plant is not done effectively, the anode may well be shipped back to the user for appropriate action before it is considered for recoating. 

EIERA has been amended a number of times since it was first enacted in 1947. It was originally adrninistered by USD A. Largely rewritten in 1972, EIERA was transformed from a limited consumer protection act into a fuU environmental law. The EPA, created in 1970, was given the task of... 

The Nevada Chemical Catastrophe Prevention Act (NCCPA) was developed in response to the two incidents in the late 1980s which occurred in Nevada. This act and its program regulations, enacted in 1991, became effective in 1992 (29,30). The legislation appHes to faciUties handling any of the 128 listed chemicals in quantities above a threshold quantity. 

PGM catalyst technology can also be appHed to the control of emissions from stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Catalysts have been designed to treat carbon monoxide, unbumed hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust, which arise as a result of incomplete combustion. To reduce or prevent the formation of NO in the first place, catalytic combustion technology based on platinum or palladium has been developed, which is particularly suitable for appHcation in gas turbines. Environmental legislation enacted in many parts of the world has promoted, and is expected to continue to promote, the use of PGMs in these appHcations. 

Two statutory provisions of Tide 21 govern the introduction of new medical devices into the marketplace. Section 515 estabHshes a premarket approval appHcation (PMA) containing data and information demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of a device. Section 510(k) estabHshes a premarket notification process. Under this process, a manufacturer is required to file with the EDA, 90 days before a new device is to be marketed, a premarket notification demonstrating that the device in question is substantially equivalent to a device that was on the market before enactment of the 1976 Amendment and therefore marketable without formal EDA approval. 

In enacting Section 510(k), Congress effectively divided medical devices into two broad categories (/) preamendment, those introduced into commercial distribution prior to the enactment date of the 1976 Amendment, and (2) post-amendment, those introduced into commercial distribution... 

Following enactment of this regulation, a study was sponsored by Hickman, WiUiams Company to evaluate the impact of gases evolved by the contact of water with 50%, 75%, and magnesium ferroshicon. The study concluded that "commercial ferroshicon does evolve phosphoms—hydride when... 

Biotechnology, use of highly active chemicals at lower rates, wide adoption of sustainable agriculture, and enactment of more restrictive use regulations will lower the pesticide burden in the environment and improve water quaUty. 

Fig. 1. U.S. sweetener consumption, 1980—1992, where represents sucrose ( ), com sweeteners and ( ), noncalotic sweeteners. In each country of the modem world, sugar production and trade play major social, pohtical, and economical roles. In order to regulate and protect export, import, stocks, subsidies, tariffs, etc, an enormous number of laws have been enacted and agreements concluded on sugar, both domestically and internationally. Also, insofar as sugar is a basic staple for a large population, each country keeps a watchhil eye on sugar production, consumption, and price, which vary widely from country to country, as shown in Table 2 (7,8). Table 2. World Sugar Production, Consumption, and Retail Prices, 1993-1995 ...

---