Emulsion characteristics

Miettinen, S.M. et al.. Effect of emulsion characteristics on the release of aroma as detected by sensory evaluation, static headspace gas chromatography, and electronic nose, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 4232, 2002. 

Borole, A. P. Kaufman, E. N. Grossman, M. J., et al., Comparison of the Emulsion Characteristics of Rhodococcus Erythropolis and Ecsherichia Coli SOXC-5 Cells Expressing Biodesulfurization Genes, Biotechnology Progress,. 2002. 18(1) pp. 88-93. 

Gaonkar, A.G. (1991). Surface and interfacial activities and emulsion characteristics of some food hydrocolloids. Food Hydrocolloids, 5, 329-337. 

Emulsion Capacity is the property of the protein product solution or suspension to emulsify oil. The measurement is of the maximum amount of oil that the mixture will emulsify without losing its emulsion characteristics. The steps involved in this test are 1) Hydration - formation of the aqueous mixture. 2) Oil addition - with agitation the cause of emulsification. 3) Stress - a result of the heat generated during emulsification. 

No co-solvent is required when mixed in proportions given above. Produces a clear product. Burco FAE imparts corrosion resistance in addition to emulsion characteristics. 

Experience is a very useful teacher in selecting demulsifiers. The man who is familiar with the history of treating m an area, the demands of the treating plants, and the performance of the chemicals can do a pretty good job ot picking compounds. However, this approach fails when changes occur in emulsion characteristics, new emulsions are encountered, or new chemicals become available. 

If this is the case, a change in the treating program is necessary Significant changes in emulsion characteristics occur rather infrequently and... 

Perhaps the most difficult of the requirements is the emulsification and contacting. For efficient operations the emulsion characteristics must be uniform throughout the reactor. An excess of acid is preferred, since this results in a hydrocarbon-in-acid emulsion. In these mixtures the viscosity and surface tension of the continuous acid phase are effective in minimizing the tendency of the dispersed hydrocarbon droplets to coalesce and separate, acting under the influence of the very large specific gravity differential between the light and heavy phases. 

From an operational point of view, food manufacturers need to be able to optimize both the composition of an emulsion and the required homogenization process to achieve a product that fulfills predetermined design criteria. As the majority of emulsion characteristics depend primarily on the droplet size distribution, the specific factors that impact droplet size need to be discussed. 

A comprehensive review of the important factors that affect the flow of emulsions in porous media is presented with particular emphasis on petroleum emulsions. The nature, characteristics, and properties of porous media are discussed. Darcy s law for the flow of a single fluid through a homogeneous porous medium is introduced and then extended for multiphase flow. The concepts of relative permeability and wettability and their influence on fluid flow are discussed. The flow of oil-in-water (OfW) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions in porous media and the mechanisms involved are presented. The effects of emulsion characteristics, porous medium characteristics, and the flow velocity are examined. Finally, the mathematical models of emulsion flow in porous media are also reviewed. 

Effect of Emulsion Characteristics. The flow of emulsions in porous media is affected by a large number of variables. This section describes the properties of emulsions, such as stability, quality, droplet size distribution, oil viscosity, water-oil interfacial properties, and their effect on its flow in porous media. 

Effect of Emulsion Characteristics. As discussed in Chapter 4, the rheology of emulsions is affected by several factors, including the dis-persed-phase volume fraction, droplet size distribution, viscosity of the continuous and dispersed phases, and the nature and amount of emulsifying surfactant present. All of these parameters would be expected to have some effect on flow behavior of the emulsion in porous media. However, the relationship between bulk rheological properties of an emulsion and its flow behavior in porous media is feeble at best because, in most cases, the volume... 

Past operating experiences with the same or similar crude oils should be reviewed. If possible, these should be compared with the results obtained from any previous emulsion-breaker selection tests. This comparison will give an indication of the validity of previous test work, eliminate many treating compounds from the selection process, and provide information as to which chemistries may be required to complement a conventional emulsion breaker. This information will also allow changes in emulsion characteristics to be noted very quickly and predict whether an existing emulsionbreaking program should be reviewed for possible improvements. 

Petroleum emulsions vary from one oil field to another simply because crude oil differs according to its geological age, chemical composition, and associated impurities. Furthermore, the produced water s chemical and physical properties, which also are specific to individual reservoirs, will affect emulsion characteristics as well. 

Plant Test, The ultimate proof of a demulsifier s performance is the plant test. The most encouraging bottle test results are only an indication of a given chemical s expected performance under plant conditions. The duration of such a test may be as short as 1 day or as long as 2 weeks, depending upon the particular treatment circumstances (i.e., emulsion characteristics and treatment facilities nature and size). 

NaOH requirements for stable emulsions and the emulsion properties are specific to the nature of crude. High NaOH concentrations do not give the most desirable emulsion characteristics. 

Chang, M.-S.M., Wasan, D.T, 1980. Emulsion characteristics associated with an alkaline water flooding process. Paper SPE 9001 presented at the SPE Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry Symposium, Stanford, 28—30 May. 

Emulsion characteristics such as the type of emulsion and its particle size are important to determine the nature of the benefit the product will deliver [27] ... 

This paper presents observations on the difference in behavior of emulsification processes which can occur during surfactant and caustic flooding in enhanced recovery of petroleum. Cinephotomicrographic observations on emulsion characteristics generated at the California crude oil-alkaline solution interface as well as in the Illinois crude oil-petroleum sulfonate system are reported. The interdroplet coalescence behavior of oil-water emulsion systems appear to be quite different in enhanced oil recovery processes employing various alkaline agents as opposed to surfactant/polymer systems. 

NaOH(0.02% and 0.06%) and 1% NaCl. These data are for equilibrated samples which have been pre-equilibrated for twelve hours. There is a pronounced effect of caustic concentration on emulsion characteristics as seen from this figure. 

Emulsion properties and stability can be measured by rheological studies and dielectric spectroscopy. Rheological studies include forced oscillation experi ments. The formation of stable emulsions is marked by a sharp increase in the elastic modulus. Water con tent is not a good indicator of emulsion characteristics other than that low water contents (<50%) indicate that an emulsion has not been formed and that the product is entrained water-in-oil. Interfacial measure ments are useful for measuring the film strength of... 

No single chemical by itself has been found to perform every destabilization and resolution function required in a process. This is the main reason why blends of chemicals are formulated. Each component in the blend addresses the change of a specific emulsion characteristic. 

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