Emulsification peptides

A whey protein hydrolysate BioZate , containing ACE-inhibitory peptide was recently developed by Davisco Foods International Inc. The effect on blood pressure was studied with 30 unmedicated, non-smoking, borderline hypertensive men and women, and daily dose was 20 g. The results indicated that there was a significant drop in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure after 1-week treatment, which persisted throughout the study of 6 weeks. The application of this product is varied and flexible. In addition to the bioactive peptides, it has functional properties such as emulsification and foaming (Klink, 2002). 

Rahali, V., Chobert, J.-M., Haertle, T., and Gueguen, J. (2000). Emulsification of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysates of beta-lactoglobulin Characterization of the peptides adsorbed at the interface. Nahrung 44,89-95. 

More productive chemical results, which stiU harness the destructive action of ultrasound on certain bonds, can be attained when sonication is applied to biological fluids (e.g. protein solutions) en route to bionanomaterials [15], A conspicuous example can be found in sonochemically-prepared protein microspheres, in which the interplay of mechanical effects (emulsification) and chemical effects (formatiOT of transient species) is noticeable. A protein emulsion is readily created at the interface between two immiscible liquid phases, while radicals generated by water sonolysis promote disulfide bond cross-linking between cysteine residues. Surface modifications, via conjugation with monoclonal antibodies or RGD-containing peptides, can also be carried out [102, 103]. The sonochemical preparation of chitosan microspheres also exploits the intermolecular cross-linking of imine bonds from the sugar precursor [104]. 

To enhance encapsulation efficiency, a spray-drying method could be proposed. Thus, this technique provides a significant improvement of betamethasone encapsulation efficacy into PLGA microparticles, namely, 90% encapsulation efficacy compared with 15% for Wi/o/ W2 double emulsion process [28]. An emulsification/spray-drying technique has also been proposed as an alternative to the double emulsion method for encapsulation of peptide drug, vancomycin into microspheres for the topical ocular delivery (encapsulation efficacy 84-99%) [29]. 

Gavini, E., Chetoni, P., Cossu, M., Alvarez, M.G., Saettone, M.F., and Giunchedi, P., PLGA microspheres for the ocular delivery of peptide drug, vancomycin using emulsification/spray-drying as the preparation method in vitro/in vivo studies, Eur. J. Pharm Biopharm., 57 (2), 207-212, 2004. 

The process of emulsification of other fats is probably initiated by the churning motion of the stomach and is greatly facilitated when the chyme passes into the duodenum and is mixed with the bile and pancreatic juice. These secretions, which are both alkaline, neutralize the acid from the stomach so that conditions become suitable for the action of pancreatic lipase. Bile contains no enzymes but owes its effects to the presence of the bile salts, sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate, which are powerful detergents. The bile salts are derived from cholic acid, a sterol, which is joined by a peptide linkage either to glycine or to taurine. 

Katz E, Demain AL (1977) The peptide antibiotics of Bacillus chemistry, biogenesis and possible functions. Bacteriol Rev 41 449-458 Kelkar DS, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS (2007) Hydrocarbon emulsification and enhanced crude oil degradation by lauroyl glucose ester. Bioresour Technol... 

The ability to assemble self-adjuvanting immunogens obviates the need for emulsification in traditional and often harmful oil based adjuvants and also allows different delivery routes to be accessed. The PamSCys peptide was equally effective when delivered by the intranasal route as when delivered parenterally (Fig.6). Furthermore, the PamSCys-peptide elicited IgA antibody forming cells in the lung and draining lymph nodes following intra-nasal administration. Clearly the ability to induce IgA has ramifications for vaccines that are required to induce mucosal immune responses such as those to prevent respiratory diseases as well as HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens. The ability to deliver vaccines... 

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