Emission calculation fuel consumption

For the calculation of WTW energy requirements and GHG emissions we have made the simplification that the fuel consumption of a vehicle fuelled with ethanol (e.g., E85) is the same as that of a vehicle fuelled with pure gasoline. Methanol is used in fuel cell vehicles with on-board fuel processors. Table 7.2 shows the properties of different transportation fuels. 

Based on input assumptions to be described below, these two models are used to calculate the costs of fuel-cell vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure and estimate the benefits in terms of reductions in C02 emissions and oil consumption. 

Top-down analysis is focused on the research of key relations in the whole national economy and on the calculation of CO2 emissions at the country level with the use of models. The starting point for this type of analysis is a set of statistical data regarding macroeconomic quantities, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The results focus on quantities describing changes in GDP, energy consumption and CO2 emissions as the country total and in sectoral division. 

The results of the national GHG emission inventory (with 2001 as the last year available) and statistical data for the domestic energy system created the base for calculating CO2 emission from ETS installations. The estimation was based not only on the results of the emission inventory, but also on energy statistics. In case of autoproducers of electricity or heat, their fuel consumption is classified according to the final consumption of a given industrial sector. Emissions were calculated as a sum of emissions from sectors covered by the ETS (e.g. cement) and emission from autoproducers (heating and CHP plants) in sectors not covered directly by Annex I of the Directive (e.g. sugar and chemical industry). 

For sulphur dioxide, the survey has been worked out in co-operation with the participating countries. For countries which have only been able to provide information on the total emissions for different industrial sectors, the survey was based on national fuel consumption statistics from OECD and ECE sources, emission factors, and population densities. For some countries the accuracy is within 10-15% in other cases the data are less accurate. The major emission areas are, however, sufficiently well defined for model calculations (JO). 

The Calculated Cetane Index (CCI), though not an accurate predictor of Cetane Number for biodiesel, since it is based on a calculation using specific gravity and the distillation curve, was used to estimate the Cetane Number of the biodiesel and two diesel fuels. From the results it can be seen that biodiesel has a CCI value higher (55) than that of diesel No.2 (49). This accords the biodiesel with better cold-start properties, minimizes the formation of white smoke (emissions), and leads to less engine noise and hence improved engine durability and reduced fuel consumption. ... 

Individual regions use different measurements for fuel consumption or CO2 targets - for example, the United States uses a fuel economy measurement in miles per gallon whilst Europe uses tailpipe emissions of CO2 in g/km. These targets can be compared if they are calculated on an equivalent basis as litres fuel/100 km driven, as in Fig. 9.2. 

An estimate of emissions of a species from a source is based on a technique that uses emission factors, which are based on source-specific emission measurements as a function of activity level (e.g., amount of annual production at an industrial facility) with regard to each source. For example, suppose one wants to sample a power plant s emissions of S02 or NO. at the stack. The plant s boiler design and its fuel consumption rate are known. The sulfur and nitrogen content of fuel burned can be used to calculate an emissions factor of kilograms (kg) of S02 or NO emitted per metric ton (Mg) of fuel consumed. 

A Volvo FH12 direct injected 6 cylinder engine, in line with EURO 2 emissions, was installed with its associated gearbox and axle system in the Shell Global Solutions PAE Hamburg test facility. A schematic of this rig is shown in Figured below. Fuel consumption is monitored continuously and differences in performance are calculated relative to a 15W40 reference oil. 

The concluding fifth chapter compares the energy options available to mankind. It provides quantitative data on the present trends of C02 emissions, energy consumption and population growth and on the consequences of continued reliance on exhaustible (fossil and nuclear) energy sources. I also explain why dependence on thermal nuclear energy is likely to lead to dependence on plutonium-fueled breeder reactors. The chapter calculates the costs and time needed to convert to a totally renewable energy economy and also discusses the consequences of inaction. 

Association (NCA) data. Emissions data were calculated based on the above fuel data and EPA emission factors. 1972. Gas data were taken from Peoples Gas Co. data. Area and industrial coal consumption was estimated using the rate of decreasing end use exhibited between 1970 and 1971 and the Btu demand converted to coal demand. Utility demand was based on extrapolation of 1971 NCA data. Emissions were then calculated as for 1970. 

The main results of the model calculations consist of macroeconomics quantities, fuel and energy consumption and emission of pollutants including CO2. The changes of GDP emission intensity are shown in Table 12.3. They were calculated from statistical data within the... 

The second method that is commonly used for ecological footprint calculation suggests calculating the land need for fossil energy consumption by assessing the forest area that is necessary to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions generated by burning fossil fuels. 

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