Estrus cycle disruption

Rat (Sprague-Dawley) 14-50 ad lib (W) 502 (decreased testicular weights delayed vaginal opening and disruption of estrus cycling) Ronis etal. 1996 PbAc... 

Reduced food intake and efficiency of food use, altered iron metabolism, clinical signs of copper deficiency. Onset of puberty delayed 10 weeks, decreased conception rate (fertility 12-33% vs. 57-80% in controls), disrupted estrus cycle (67% were anestrus vs. 7% in controls), and other signs consistent with decreased releases of luteinizing hormones associated with altered ovarian secretion (3, 4) Growth and fertilization normal liver copper 10 mg/kg DW only 16% of embryos developed normally (2)... 

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