Embolization embolic complication

Long-term treatment with warfarin is almost mandatory to reduce embolic complications. The efficacy of aspirin as an antiembohc agent is probably less in this group, but has been shown to be of value in patients where warfarin is considered inappropriate. 

Particles of Teflon can detach from cardiac valve pros-theses, producing embolic complications (6). 

Lindoff C, Rybo G, Astedt B. Treatment with tranexamic acid during pregnancy, and the risk of thrombo-embolic complications. Thromb Haemost 1993 70(2) 238-40. 

However, estrogen has been demonstrated to be associated with the increased incidence of breast and endometrial cancer after prolonged treatment. In addition, during HRT, venous thrombo-embolic complications are encountered more frequently than in women not undergoing HRT [71]. Therefore, there is a growing interest in using isoflavones as a potential alternative to the estrogens in hormone replacement therapy. 

The preliminary report of a meta-analysis of these four studies, concluded that the combined use of oral anticoagulants and aspirin (100 mg to 1 g daily) significantly reduced mortality and embolic complications in patients with prosthetic heart valves, with an estimated increased odds ratio of major bleeds of 1.7 and of total bleeds of 1.98. Nevertheless the overall picture was that the benefits possibly outweighed the problems. In a more recent meta-analysis, which excluded one non-randomised study, but included 2 other randomised controlled studies, the risk of major bleeding for the combination of warfarin and aspirin was 1.53. For the two low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily) trials, there did not appear to be an excess risk of major bleeding. Another analysis of these studies provided essentially the same risk of increased major bleeding with the eombina-tion. ... 

In spite of the desirable characteristics of the biomaterials used in the heart valve prostheses, problems with thrombo-embolic complications are significant with implanted valves and patients with mechanical valves are under long-term anticoagulant therapy. The mechanical stresses induced by the flow of blood across the valve prostheses have been finked to the lysis and activation of fornied elements of blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) resulting in the deposition of thrombi in regions with... 

Peixoto P, Ministro P, Sadio A, Castanheira A, Cancela E, Araujo R, Silva A, Caldas A. Embolic complications associated with endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate for bleeding duodenal ulcer. Endoscopy 2008 40(Suppl 2) E126. 

Willicombe MK, Vernon K, Davenport A Embolic complications from central venous hemodialysis catheters used with hypertonic citrate locking solution. Am J Kidney Dis 2010 55 348-351. 

Thrombo-embolic complications, in mechanical heart valves, 44-5... 

These studies seem to indicate that microcalorimetry is a suitable method for the quantitative measurement of overall metabolism in platelets from patients with prosthetic heart valves. It might be of help for identification of patients with high risk to develop thrombo-embolic complications after replacement of heart valves. 

Therapeutically t-PA and urokinase are the most important drugs for fibrinolytic therapy (myocardial infarction, stroke, massive pulmonary embolism). This treatment is associated with an enhanced risk of bleeding complications. 

Pulmonary hypertension develops late in the course of COPD, usually after the development of severe hypoxemia. It is the most common cardiovascular complication of COPD and can result in cor pulmonale, or right-sided heart failure. Hypoxemia plays the primary role in the development of pulmonary hypertension by causing vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries and by promoting vessel wall remodeling. Destruction of the pulmonary capillary bed by emphysema further contributes by increasing the pressure required to perfuse the pulmonary vascular bed. Cor pulmonale is associated with venous stasis and thrombosis that may result in pulmonary embolism. Another important systemic effect is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, which contributes to exercise limitations and declining health status. 

Mechanical complications of PN are related to catheter placement and the system and equipment used to administer PN. A central venous catheter must be placed by a trained professional, and risks associated with placement include pneumothorax, arterial puncture, bleeding, hematoma formation, venous thrombosis, and air embolism.1,20 Over time, the catheter may require replacement. Problems with the equipment include malfunctions of the infusion pump, intravenous tubing sets, and filters. 

Complications of MI include cardiogenic shock, heart failure, valvular dysfunction, various arrhythmias, pericarditis, stroke secondary to left ventricular (LV) thrombus embolization, venous thromboembolism, and LV free-wall rupture. 

AF or atrial flutter may be manifested by the entire range of symptoms associated with other supraventricular tachycardias, but syncope is not a common presenting symptom. An additional complication of AF is arterial embolization resulting from atrial stasis and poorly adherent mural thrombi, which accounts for the most devastating complication embolic stroke. Patients with AF and concurrent mitral stenosis or severe systolic HF are at particularly high risk for cerebral embolism. 

Embolism is another possible complication of the IV route. Particulate matter may be introduced if a drug intended for intravenous use precipitates for some reason, or if a particular suspension intended for IM or SC use is inadvertently given into a vein. Hemolysis or agglutination of erythrocytes may be caused by injection of hypotonic/hypertonic solutions, or by more specific mechanisms (Gray, 1978). 

Vance BM. 1945. Intrauterine injection of Lysol as an abortifacient Report of a fatal case complicated by oil embolism and Lysol poisoning. Arch Pathol 40 395-398. 

Another example of a serious adverse effect that can surface through close systematic monitoring is the association of clozapine treatment with venous thromboembolytic complications (514, 515). Six cases of pulmonary embolism and six cases of venous thrombosis were reported to the Swedish Adverse-Reaction... 

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