Embolic agent

Zheng, C., G. Feng, and H. Liang. 1998. Bletilla striata as a vascular embolizing agent in interventional treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma. Chin. Med. J. English ed. Ill 1060-1063. 

Link et al. (35) proposed the use of tantalum and tungsten to add radiopacity to hydrogel embolic agents for embolotherapy and studied the emboli formed by coagulation under high pressure of a 1 1 or 2 1 mixture of tungsten particles (1-10 jam) and a liquid hydrogel (polyacrylonitrile copolymer) in a rabbit model. 

Lanzino, G., Kanaan, Y., Perrini, P., Dayoub, H. Fraser, K. (2005) Emerging concepts in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms stents, coated coils, and liquid embolic agents. Neurosurgery, 57, 449-459. 

Murayama, Y., Vinuela, F., Ulhoa, A., Akiba, Y., Duckwiler, G. R., Gobin, Y. P., Vinters, H. V. Greff, R. J. (1998) Nonadhesive hquid embolic agent for cerebral arteriovenous malformations preliminary histopathological studies in swine rete mirabile. Neurosurgery, 43, 1164-1172. 

The Ideal Vascular Occlusion Technique 4 Classification of Intravascular Embolic Agents 4 Essential Elements for Success in Successful Embolotherapy 5 Complications of Embolotherapy 5 Guidelines and Techniques to Prevent and Manage Complications 6... 

With the current advances in technology allowing more accurate and controlled deployment of embolic agents, embolotherapy has now become the procedure of choice for the management of visceral and solid organ aneurysms [40-42]. In addition, embolotherapy has now arguably become the primary facet in the management of vascular malformations of all varieties, in the central nervous system and head and neck [43, 44], pulmonary circulation [45-48], viscera, trunk and extremities [49-54]. 

Table 1.1. Broad classification of intravascular embolic agents...

If possible attempt to use an opacified embolic agent/mixture, for example n-butyl cyanoacrylate can be mixed with Ethiodol [109],... 

Embolotherapy is a major aspect of Interventional Radiology and, as such, there are an increasing number of indications, ongoing research, and new developments. Numerous materials have been used for embolization and, recently, many new embolic agents, and devices have been developed. In this chapter we review the most common materials used in daily practice of most interventional radiologists. In this two-volume textbook, each chapter discusses separately the optimal embolic materials related to the corresponding clinical indications. We will also refer the readers to Chap. 10.6 in volume I, and Chap. 17 in Volume II, discussing future development in embolic materials. 

The key decision in the performance of any embolization procedure is the choice of agent. Based on their physical and chemical properties, embolic agents can induce mechanical occlusion of the vessels provoke the formation of thrombus by inflammatory reactions or destroy the endothelium leading to thrombosis. In this section, we will discuss the particulate agents, liquid agents and metallic embolic materials. 

Particulate embolic agents are typically used for the embolization of tumor and tumor-related symptoms in addition to the treatment of certain hemorrhagic conditions. In general, these agents are administered from a selective position within the arterial vasculature of the target organ and are subsequently... 

Tadavarthy et al. reported the first use of PVA as an embolic agent in patients with cervical carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma of the liver, hemangioendothelioma of the neck and forehead, and an arte-... 

When using a microcatheter, care must be taken to avoid plugging the lumen with embolic agent, particularly with PVA or resin microspheres, by increasing the dilution of the particles. Embolization is usually performed using 3-ml syringes to achieve adequate pressure. If the catheter becomes completely obstructed, an attempt to pass a wire through the catheter to clear it may be made but such an obstruction usually necessitates removal of the microcatheter and its replacement. 

Tadavarthy SM, Coleman CC, Hunter D, et al. (1984) Polyvinyl alcohol (Ivalon) as an embolization agent. Semin Intervent Radiol 1 101-109... 

Siskin GP, Dowling K, Virmani R, et al. (2003) Pathologic evaluation of a spherical polyvinyl alcohol embolic agent in a porcine model. J Vase Interv Radiol 14 89-98... 

Yoon W (2004) Embolic agents used for bronchial artery embolization in massive haemoptysis. Expert Opin Phar-macother 5 361-367... 

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