Symbol element names and

Our goal in this chapter is to help you learn about the composition of the atom, the periodic table, and the writing and naming of chemical formulas. Check with your instructor to see how many element names and symbols you need to know, although you will learn many of them through practice. We will only give you an abbreviated list of ions and molecules, so consult your text for a more extensive list. Have a periodic table handy for the discussion throughout the chapter. Practice, Practice, Practice. 

In the modern periodic table, each box contains four data, as shown in Figure 1-2. Besides the element name and symbol, the atomic weight is at the bottom, and the atomic number is at the top. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number in horizontal rows called periods. 

The basic materials of systematic chemical nomenclature are the element names and symbols, which are, of themselves, trivial, with the exception of the systematic, provisional names and symbols for the elements of atomic number greater than 109. These provisional names will be superseded eventually by trivial names and symbols. In any case, they make little impact on general chemical practice. 

Refer to Appendix A for an alphabetical listing of element names and symbols. 

The symbols for some of the older elements are derived from former names which are no longer used—for instance, hydrargyrum for mercury (Hg) and argentum for silver (Ag). The origin of all the elements names and symbols is given in the appendix. 

Ask your instructor which of the element names and symbols you will be expected to know for your exams. 

You can practice converting between element names and symbols at the textbook s Web site. 

Chemical elements (names and symbols) and their atomic numbers are listed on pages 4 and 5 of the IB Chemistry data booklet. 

As indicated in Figure 4, the early transactinide elements find their place back in the main body of the Periodic Table. The discoverers of the currendy known transactinide elements, suggested names and symbols, and dates of discovery are Hsted in Table 10 (19). Because there are competing claims for the discovery of these elements, the two groups of discoverers in each case have suggested names for elements 104 and 105. In the case of elements 106—109, names for the elements have not been suggested in order to avoid another dupHcation. 

The lUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry continues its work, which is effectively open-ended. Guidance in the use of lUPAC rules (38) as well as explanations of their formulation (39) are available. A second volume on nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is in preparation it will be devoted to specialized areas. Some of the contents have had preliminary pubHcation in the journal Pure andJipplied Chemist, eg, "Names and Symbols of Transfermium Elements" in 1944. 

The separate question of names and symbols for the new elements has, unfortunately, taken even longer to resolve, but definitive recommendations were ratified by lUPAC in August 1997 and have been generally accepted. It is clearly both unsatisfactory and confusing to have more than one name in current use for a given element and to have the same name being applied to two different elements. For this reason the present treatment refers to the individual elements by means of their atomic numbers. However, to help readers with the nomenclature used in the references cited, a list of the various names that are in use or that have been suggested from time to time is summarised in Table 31.7. 

Table 31.7 Names and symbols in current use (or proposed) for elements 104-112...

Table 1.1 lists the names and symbols of several elements that are probably familiar to you. In either free or combined form, they are commonly found in the laboratory or in commercial products. The abundances listed measure the relative amount of each element in the earth s crust, the atmosphere, and the oceans. 

Because isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons, they have essentially the same chemical and physical properties. However, the mass differences between isotopes of hydrogen are comparable to the masses themselves, leading to noticeable differences in some physical properties and slight variations in some of their chemical properties. Hydrogen has three isotopes (Table B.2). The most common ( H) has no neutrons so its nucleus is a lone proton. The other two isotopes are less common but nevertheless so important in chemistry and nuclear physics that they are given special names and symbols. One isotope (2H) is called deuterium (D) and the other ( H) is called tritium (T). 

C.17 A main-group element in Period 3 forms the following ionic compounds FBr, and E,03. (a) To which group does the element E belong (b) Write the name and symbol of element E. 

The following ten elements, whose original names were Latin words, also have mismatched names and symbols ... 

Table 1-4 Important Elements Whose Names and Symbols Should Be Known...

You will need to commit these names and symbols to memory before attempting to apply the rules of nomenclature. It will also help you to locate each of these elements on the periodic table. 

Hydrogen (H, Is1), name and symbol from the Greek ctxp -" cVug/jj (water forming). First identified as an element by Henry Cavendish (1766). 

Barium (Ba, [Xe]6.s2), name and symbol from the Greek (3cqn)s (heavy). The pure element was discovered (1808) by H. Davy. 

Zirconium (Zr, [Kr]4<725s2), name and symbol from the gemstone zircon (from the Persian zargun, gold like). The element was discovered (1789) by Martin H. Klaproth, the metal first prepared (1824) by Jons Jacob Berzelius. Greyish-white metal. 

Molybdenum (Mo, [Kr]4J55.s1), name and symbol after the Greek word p.oXu(36os (lead). The element was discovered (1781) by the Swedish chemist Carl Welhelm Scheele. 

Technetium (Tc, [Kr]4 /65.vl), name and symbol after the Greek Tsxrmos (tech-nikos, artificial). Detected in Italy (1937) by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre in a sample of Mo which had been irradiated with deuterons at the E.O. Lawrence cyclotron in California. It was the first artificially produced element. 

Magnesium (Mg, [Ne]3.v2), name, and symbol, from the Greek word Magnesia a city of Thessaly. Recognized as an element (1755) by Joseph Black, isolated (1808) by Humphry Davy. 

Carbon (C, [He]2.v22/r), name and symbol from the Latin word carbo, coal. Known since ancient times, but recognized as an element much later. 

The names and symbols for elements 110 through 118 have not yet been chosen ... 

For a longer list, see Table 2.1. For the heavier elements as yet unnamed or unsynthesised, the three-letter symbols, such as Uuq, and their associated names are -provisional. They are provided for temporary use until such time as a consensus is reached in the chemical community that these elements have indeed been synthesised, and a trivial name and symbol have been assigned after the prescribed lUPAC procedures have taken place. 

The next section under Elements is subtitled History, Occurrence and Uses. This includes a brief history of chemical discoveries and the origin of their names and symbols, natural occurrence, principal minerals, abundance in the earth s crust and in sea water and principal uses. Uses include commercial applications, preparative reactions, analytical applications and other laboratory reactions. More general information is provided in this section. 

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as new elements were identified, the discoverer received the honor of naming the element. Different trends in assigning names developed at different times. Element names were based on mythological figures, celestial bodies, color, chemical properties, geographical areas, minerals, derived names, and people. Table 5.3 gives the derivation of names and symbols for the common elements. 

All elements are assigned a one- or two-letter chemical symbol, which is used in writing out chemical formulas and reactions. The names and symbols for some of the elements commonly found in living things are carbon, C oxygen, O hydrogen, H nitrogen, N phosphorus, P and sulfur, S. 

The names and symbols for elements 112-118 are under review. The temporary system recommended by J. Chatt, Pure Appl. Chem., 51, 381-384 (1979) is used above. The names of elements 101-109 were agreed in 1997 (See Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 2471-2473 (1997)), for element 110 in 2003 (see Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1613-1615 (2003)) and for element 111 in 2004 (see Pure Appl. Chem., 76, 2101-2103 (2004)). 

ELEMENTS. ATOMS, AND GROUP OF ATOMS Names and Symbols of Atoms... 

The names and symbols for elements are those adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2004). No names and symbols have as yet been adopted for Z>I11. 

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