Electroplating electronics applications

Tin. Application of tin on strip steel for can stock has decreased. Nevertheless, tin plating is still done in large volume, and tin plate for can stock was estimated at 11,750 t in 1990 (11). Additionally, 603 t of tin anodes were used for electroplating in electronic applications in the United States in 1990. The use of tin in solder manufacture is reported to exceed that used in can stock (12). The cost of tin in early 1993 was 7.50/kg (see Tin and tin alloys). 

Industrial Applications Copper electroplating electronic devices semiconductor chips adhesives paints ... 

The primary uses for nickel are as an additive to make stainless steel, cupronickel and nickel-iron alloys, for electroplating other metals, and in batteries. Electronic applications include alloys with iron (42% nickel) that are used as leadframe material in ceramic packages for semiconductors, and as plating on component leads (terminations). Nickel is often plated onto copper to prevent copper from leaching into gold plating or melted solder. 

Significance of inclusions in electroplated gold films for electronics applications, Y. Okinaka, Gold Bull., 2000, 33, 117. 

Soft gold electroplating from a non-cyanide bath for electronic applications, K. Wang, R. Beica, and N. Brown, 2004 lEEE/SEMI Int l Electronics Mannfacturing Technology Symposium, San Jose, CA. 

Electronic and Electrical Applications. Sulfolane has been tested quite extensively as the solvent in batteries (qv), particularly for lithium batteries. This is because of its high dielectric constant, low volatUity, exceUent solubilizing characteristics, and aprotic nature. These batteries usuaUy consist of anode, cathode polymeric material, aprotic solvent (sulfolane), and ionizable salt (145—156). Sulfolane has also been patented for use in a wide variety of other electronic and electrical appHcations, eg, as a coil-insulating component, solvent in electronic display devices, as capacitor impregnants, and as a solvent in electroplating baths (157—161). 

Gold. Used both in decorative and electronic electroplating applications, about 27.5 t of gold were consumed in the United States in 1990 (8)... 

Ethylene glycol in the presence of an acid catalyst readily reacts with aldehydes and ketones to form cyclic acetals and ketals (60). 1,3-Dioxolane [646-06-0] is the product of condensing formaldehyde and ethylene glycol. Applications for 1,3-dioxolane are as a solvent replacement for methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and methyl ethyl ketone as a solvent for polymers as an inhibitor in 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a polymer or matrix interaction product for metal working and electroplating in lithium batteries and in the electronics industry (61). 1,3-Dioxolane can also be used in the formation of polyacetals, both for homopolymerization and as a comonomer with formaldehyde. Cyclic acetals and ketals are used as protecting groups for reaction-sensitive aldehydes and ketones in natural product synthesis and pharmaceuticals (62). 

Although metals and alloy substrates account for much of the volume in electroplating, there is a large and growing amount of plastic surfaces being plated, both for decorative trim and for electronic shielding applications. On a smaller scale, other materials that are plated include wood (qv), plaster, fibers (qv) and cloth materials, and plant and animal tissue, such as leaves, leather (qv), paper (qv), and seashells. 

The electrodeposition of silver from chloroaluminate ionic liquids has been studied by several authors [45-47], Katayama et al. [48] reported that the room-temperature ionic liquid l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF4) is applicable as an alternative electroplating bath for silver. The ionic liquid [EMIM]BF4 is superior to the chloroaluminate systems since the electrodeposition of silver can be performed without contamination of aluminum. Electrodeposition of silver in the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4) and l-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorophosphate was also reported [49], Recently we showed that isolated silver nanoparticles can be deposited on the surface of the ionic liquid Tbutyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([BMIMJTfO) by electrochemical reduction with free electrons from low-temperature plasma [50] (see Chapter 10). This unusual reaction represents a novel electrochemical process, leading to the reproducible growth of nanoscale materials. In our experience silver is quite easy to deposit in many air- and water-stable ionic liquids. 

The full-scale applications of ozone have been installed to treat wastewaters from marine aquaria, electronic chip manufacture, textile industry, petroleum refinery, and electroplating. Ozone has also been used to treat landfill leachates and meat processing wastewater. These applications of ozone are described below. 

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