Indium oxide film electronic structures

The devices used for the EL and PL measurements were fabricated in the thin film sandwich configuration anode/polymer/cathode. The electronic structure of alkoxy derivatives of PPV has been studied via internal field emission [42], internal photoemission [76], cyclovoltammetric spectroscopy [159]) and photoelectron spectroscopy [160]. The data indicate that the bottom of the Tr -band and the top of the ir-band are at 3 eV and 5 eV respectively, with respect to the vacuum. Thus, relatively good hole and electron injection can be achieved by using transparent indium/tin-oxide (ITO) as the anode and calcium (Ca) or barium (Ba) as the cathode [42,161]. In practice, however, hole injection is very sensitive to the quality of the ITO. A thin layer (= 300 A) of conducting polymer provides excellent, reproducible hole injecting contacts [70,71,162]. 

Taguchi H., Matsu-ura S., Nagao M., Kido H. Electrical properties of perovskite-type La(Cri, Mn,)03+j. Physica B 1999 270 325-331 Tahar R.B.H., Ban T., Ohya Y., Takahashi Y. Optical, structural, and electrical properties of indium oxide thin films prepared by the sol-gel method. J. Appl. Phys. 1997 82 865-870 Tahar R.B.H., Ban T, Ohya Y., Takahashi Y. Electronic transport in tin-doped indium oxide thin films prepared by sol-gel technique. J. Appl. Phys. 1998 83 2139-2141 Tahar R.B.H., Tahar N.B.H. Mechanism of carrier transport in aluminum-doped zinc oxide. J. Appl. Phys. 2002 92 4498-4501... 

Grigorovich, S.L. Volkov, AS. Lotsman, A.P. (1981). Study of the structure of anode oxide films based on indium arsenide using the method of Auger electron sp>ectroscopy. Electronic technology. Serial materials. Issue 3 (152), pp. 39-42, ISSN Grunthaner, P.J. Grunthaner F.J., Fathauer R.W., Lin T.L., Hecht MH., Bell L.D., Kaiser... 

Electroluminescence (EL) is the phenomenon by which electrical energy is converted into luminous energy by the recombination of electrons and holes in the emissive material [8], The basic structure of an OLED consists of a thin film of organic material sandwiched between two electrodes, an anode of high-work-function material such as indium tin oxide (ITO) on a glass substrate, and a cathode of a low-work-function metal such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), or aluminum (Al) or an alloy such as Mg Ag. 

Mardalen, J. et al.. Structure and electronic-properties of polythiophene and poly(3-alkylthiophene) films electropolymerized on indium tin oxide (Ito) glass at elevated potentials, Macwmol. Chem. Phys. 194, 2483-2495, 1993. 

The plasma polymerization of TCl JQ and TCNE was carried out at 13.56 MHz from the gas phase and semiconductive polymeric films were obtained [88, 89]. The electrical conductivities of the films obtained ranged fix m 10 " to 10 S cm and the Al/polymer/ITO (indium tin oxide) sandwich cells made from the films showed rectifying behavior and photovoltaic response. Photoconductivity was also observed in the films. Infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the structure, and these results as well as those from electrical measurements confirmed that a conjugated structure with delocalized 7c-electrons has been formed in the films. 

We have reported the structure analysis of palmitoyl cellulose Langmuir-Blodgett (PC-LB) film by using transmission electron microscope (TEM) [6], scanning probe microscope (SPM) [7] and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy [7]. In addition, we have reported the electrical properties of the PC-LB film on the indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate [2]. The average grain size in the PC-LB film was about 200nm. The monolayer thickness was about 22 A. 

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