Electronic nose spectrometry

Fig. 15.14 Analytical techniques for time-resolved headspace analysis. An electronic nose can be used as a low-cost process-monitoring device, where chemical information is not mandatory. Electron impact ionisation mass spectrometry (EI-MS) adds sensitivity, speed and some chemical information. Yet, owing to the hard ionisation mode, most chemical information is lost. Proton-transfer-reaction MS (PTR-MS) is a sensitive one-dimensional method, which provides characteristic headspace profiles (detailed fingerprints) and chemical information. Finally, resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI) TOFMS combines selective ionisation and mass separation and hence represents a two-dimensional method. (Adapted from [190])...

Olsson, J., Borjesson, T., Lundstedf T., Schnurer, J. (2000) Volatiles for mycological quality grading of barley grains determinations using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electronic nose. Inf J. Food Microbiol. 59 167-178. 

Fenaille, F., Visani, P, Fumeaux, R., Milo, C., Guy, P.A. (2003) Comparison of mass spectrometry-based electronic nose and solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique to assess infant formula oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 2790-2796. 

N. (2004) Maturity discrimination of snake frmt (Salacca edulis Reinw.) cv. Pondoh based on volatiles analysis using an electronic nose device eqmpped with a sensor array and fingerprint mass spectrometry. Flavour Fragrance J. 19 44-50. 

Marti, M.R, Pino, J., Boque, R., Busto, O., Guasch, J. (2005) Determination of aging time of spirits in oak barrels i ing a headspace-mass spectrometry (HS-MS) electronic nose system and multivariate calibration. In Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 382 (2) The European Conference on Analytical Chemistry XIII, pp 440-443. 

Kojima, H., Araki, S., Kaneda, H., Takashio, M. (2005) Application of a new electronic nose with fingerprinting mass spectrometry to brewing. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 63 151-156. 

McKellar, R.,C., Young, J.C., Johnston, A., Knight, K.P., Lu, X., Buttenham, S. (2002) Use of the electronic nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the optimum time for aging of beer. Tech. Q. Master Brew Assoc. Am. 39 99-105. 

Cozzolino, D., Smyth, H.E., Lattey, K.A., Cynkar, W., Janik, L. Dambergs, R.G., Francis, I.L. and Gishen, M. (2006) Combining mass spectrometry based electronic nose, visible-near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics to assess the sensory properties of Australian Riesling wines, Anal. Chim. Acta, 563(1-2), 319-324. 

Table 3. Some commercial companies that manufactured sensor-based electronic noses and related instruments in 2003. Key to sensor technologies MOS - metal oxide sensor, CP -conducting polymer, QMB - quartz crystal microhalance, FET - field effect transistor, SAW - surface acoustic wave key to analytical instruments MS - mass spectrometry, GC - gas chromatography, IMC - ion mobility cell...

Assessment of rancidity in potato crisps is usually done by the Rancimat or acid degree value tests, but these are labor-intensive. Electronic noses based on mass spectrometry or gas sensors were used to assess rancidity without oil extraction steps [35]. This removes the need for sample preparation, avoids the use of solvents, and reduces the analysis time from several hours to about 25 minutes. The nose based on MS had a 100% success rate in determining rancidity while that based on GC was 68%. 

Lee S. K., Kim J. H., Sohn H. J., and Yang J. W., Changes in aroma characteristics during the preparation of red ginseng estimated by electronic nose, sensory evalnation and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Sens. Actuators B, 106(1), 7, 2005. 

Fig. 11. Classification of Emmental cheese by the geographic origin performed with an electronic nose based on mass spectrometry. The graph shows DFA1 vs. DFA 2 with 100% group classification based on five variables. No validation set was considered due to the limited number of samples. A Austria, D Germany, F France, Fi Finland (Pillonel et al,...

Alasalvar, C., Odabasi, A.Z., Demir, N., Balaban, M.O., Shahidi, E, and Cadwallader, K.R., Volatiles and flavor of five Turkish hazelnut varieties as evaluated by descriptive sensory analysis, electronic nose, and dynamic headspace analysis/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Food Sci., 69,... 

W. Cynkar, D. Cozzolino, B. Dambergs, L. Janik, M. Gishen, Feasibility study on the use of a head space mass spectrometry electronic nose (MS e-nose) to monitor red wine spoilage mducedhy Brettanomyces yeast. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 124, 167-171 (2007)... 

J. Hong, C.L. Lim, H.J. Son, J.Y. Choi, N.B. Soo, Rancidity analysis of rapeseed oil under different storage conditions using mass spectrometry-based electronic nose. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 42, 699-704 (2010)... 

During the last few decades, an increasing number of different breath analysis techniques have been developed for the analysis of VOCs. These techniques include gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/ FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (with quadrupole mass spectrometry, ion trap mass spectrometry, time-of-flight (TOF) tube mass spectrometry, and ion mobility spectrometry), soft ionization flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), chemiluminescence, electronic nose, and a large variety of optical absorption detection techniques. The multitude of methods and techniques used in breath analysis reflects not only its strength, but also its weakness. On one hand, there is a choice of sensitive techniques suitable to measure almost any compound on the other hand, it makes it very hard to compare all the various results. 

Multiple gases UV/IR spectrometry mass spectrometry Gas chromatography electronic nose... 

Cynkar, W, Damberg, R., Smith, P, and Cozzolino, D. (2010) Classification of tempranillo wines according to geographic origin combination of mass spectrometry based electronic nose and chemometrics. Anal Chim. Acta, 660, 227-231. 

An interesting approach was developed by D Amico et al. (2008), in which they nsed an electronic nose sensor with a good sensitivity towards volatile organic compounds emitted by skin lesions from melanoma patients, and the method seems to be effective for identification of malignant lesions. The gas sensor nsed gas chromatography mass spectrometry detection and shows satisfactory accuracy. This approach does not use a biosensor bnt combines chemometric tools with a sensor that can be a favourable approach to detect a pattern in POC biomedical devices. 

Marsili, R., Combining mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis to make a reliable and versatile electronic nose, in Flavor, Fragrance, and Odor Analysis, R. Marsili, Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002, p. 349. 

It has been a long term goal of many researchers to use instrumental means to replace some sensory functions. The use of sensory panels for quality control purposes presents many problems which may be minimized through the use of supplementary instrumental techniques. Over the years, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry have found limited application for this purpose. Recently an instrument generically called an "electronic nose" has been commercialized. This paper will present a brief overview of gas chromatographic and mass spectral techniques used to monitor flavor quality in foods but focus on the new electronic nose instruments. 

In the following paper, I have included a limited discussion of the traditional methods of monitoring aroma quality of foods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry but have focused to a greater extent on the new electronic nose methodologies. 

Combining Mass Spectrometry and Multivariate Analysis to Make a Reliable and Versatile Electronic Nose... 

Mass spectrometry (electron impact, field desorption, and chemical ionization ) in principal provides either a completely different, alternative method for peptide sequencing or a valuable supplement to the standard method. Applications have, however, been relatively few so far. Further studies on the mass spectral patterns obtained from model compounds have been reported. These should allow inter alia distinctions to be made between a- and y-glutamyl peptides and between leucyl and isoleucyl residues. Sequence studies on myoglobin from the bottle-nosed dolphin were facilitated by a computer comparison method. In this method, a peptide was either deuteroacetylated and deuteropermethylated or subjected to one step of the Edman degradation, followed by deuteroacetylation and deuteropermethylation. Comparison of the mass spectra of these derivatives aided the analysis.""... 

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