Electronic materials research

I Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Hitomi Matsuida-machi, Annaka-shi, Gunma, Japan... 

Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd... 

Neutron depth profiling has been applied in many areas of electronic materials research, as discussed here and in the references. The simplicity of the method and the interpretation of data are described. Major points to be made for NDP as an analytical technique include i) it is nondestructive il) isotopic concentrations are determined quantitatively iii) profiling measurements can be performed in essentially all solid materials, however depth resolution and depth of analysis are material dependent iv) NDP is capable of profiling across interfacial boundaries and v) there are few interferences. 

ELTON I. CAIRNS, Applied Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California DANIEL D. CUBICCIOTTI, Nuclear Power Division, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California LARRY R. FAULKNER, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign ADAM HELLER, Electronic Materials Research Department, AT T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New lersey NOEL IARRETT, Chemical Engineering Research and Development, Aluminum Company of America, Alcoa Center, Pennsylvania... 

ADAM HELLER heads the Electronic Materials Research Department at AT T Bell Laboratories. He holds a Ph.D. from the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. He authored 102 papers and holds 30 patents in semiconductor electro-chemistry, lithium batteries, liquid lasers, and electronic materials. His current research interests include transparent metals, interconnection of microelectronic components, materials for microelectronic devices and their processing, and hydrogen-evolving solar cells. 

School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Electronic Materials Research Laboratory Xi an Jiaotong University Xi an, Shaanxi China... 

Moore s law has successfully predicted the progression of transistor density that can be inscribed onto a silicon chip. There is a finite limit to that density, however, and the existing technology is very near or at that limit. Electronic materials research continues to improve methods and products in an effort to push the Moore limit. 

Fast ionic conductors are used as solid electrolytes in fuel cells and sensors. The search for fast ion conductors operating near room temperature is a matter of current electronic materials research. The practical small-scale application of some types of fuel cells as replacements for batteries may hinge on success in this search. 

Nobel-laureate Richard Feynman once said that the principles of physics do not preclude the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom (260). Recent developments in the fields of physics, chemistry, and biology (briefly described in the previous sections) bear those words out. The invention and development of scanning probe microscopy has enabled the isolation and manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Research in protein and nucleic acid stmcture have given rise to powerful tools in the estabUshment of rational synthetic protocols for the production of new medicinal dmgs, sensing elements, catalysts, and electronic materials. 

Sulfur hexafluoride [2551-62-4] 6 molecular weight 146.07, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It is not flammable and not particularly reactive. Its high chemical stabiUty and excellent electrical characteristics have led to widespread use in various kinds of electrical and electronic equipment such as circuit breakers, capacitors, transformers, microwave components, etc (see Electronic materials). Other properties of the gas have led to limited usage in a variety of unique appHcations ranging from medical appHcations to space research. 

Because of the unique features of the x-ray radiation available at synchrotrons, many novel experiments ate being conducted at these sources. Some of these unique features are the very high intensity and the brightness (number of photons per unit area per second), the neatly parallel incident beam, the abihty to choose a narrow band of wavelengths from a broad spectmm, the pulsed nature of the radiation (the electrons or positrons travel in bunches), and the coherence of the beam (the x-ray photons in a pulse are in phase with one another). The appHcations are much more diverse than the appHcations described in this article. The reader may wish to read the articles in the Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Hsted in the bibhography. 

Honeywell Specialty Materials, a 3.5 billion strategic business group of the Honeywell Corporation, is a global leader in providing customers with high-performance specialty materials, including fluorocarbons, specialty films and additives, advanced fibers and composites, customized research chemicals, and electronic materials and chemicals. Our products can be found in items you use everyday — at work and at home. For additional information, please visit www.honevwell.com/sites/sm. 

Speciman Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials (J. C. Brauman, R. M. Anderson, and M. L. McDonald, eds.) MRS Symp. Proc vol. 115, Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, 1988. This conference proceedings contains many up-to-date methods as well as references to books on various aspects of specimen preparation. 

S. Amelincks, D. van Dyck, J. van Landuyt, G. van Tendeloo (eds.) Electron Microscopy Principles and Fundamentals,VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim 1997. 2-178 R. M. Anderson, S. D. Walck (eds.) Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials IV, Materials Research Society, Pittsbrrrgh 1997. 

The engineering of novel deviees requires, in many eases, materials with finely seleeted and preestablished properties. In partieular, one of the most promising lines of synthetic materials research consists in the development of nanostructured systems (nanocomposites). This term describes materials with structures on typical length scale of 1-100 nm. Nanometric pieces of materials are in an intermediate position between the atom and the solid, displaying electronic, chemical and structural properties that are distinct from the bulk. The use of nanoparticles as a material component widens enormously the available attributes that can be realised in practice, which otherwise would be limited to bulk solid properties. 

Gordon,R. G., Recent Advances in the CVD of Metal Nitrides and Oxides, Proc. of the Conf on MOCVD of Electronic Ceramics, Material Research Soc., Pittsburgh, PA (1994)... 

National Research Council, National Materials Advisory Board. State of the Art Reviews Advanced Processing of Electronic Materials in the United States and Japan. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press, 1986. 

Larry E Thompson, Chemical Engineering Research Opportunities in Electronic and Optical Materials Research... 

The introduction of new synthetic techniques has led to the discoveries of many new electronic materials with improved properties [20-22]. However, similar progress has not been forthcoming in the area of heterogeneous catalysis, despite the accumulation of considerable information regarding structure-reactivity correlations for such catalysts [14-19]. The synthetic challenge in this area stems from the complex and metastable nature of the most desirable catalytic structures. Thus, in order to minimize phase separation and destruction of the most efficient catalytic centers, low-temperature methods and complicated synthetic procedures are often required [1-4]. Similar challenges are faced in many other aspects of materials research and, in general, more practical synthetic methods are required to achieve controlled, facile assembly of complex nanostructured materials [5-11]. 

S. J. Pennycook, P. D. Nellist, in D. G. Rickerby, U. Valdre, G. Valdre (eds.) Impact of Electron and Scanning Probe Microscopy on Materials Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrect, The Netherlands, 1999, 166. 

Our inventory also showed that funding levels for materials vary widely across differing materials classes. R D on advanced metals received 13% (the largest fraction in 1992), composites were 11%, electronic materials were 10%, and biomaterials were also 10%. The FCCSET process proved enormously successful in focusing the federal program on materials research. 

Academic institutions have been included, and in many instances, there have been commercial consequences, although that has not been the mission of the Department of Defense. The Department of Defense mission is defense and national security, not the development of compact disk players. But in fact, for example, in electronics and devices, fundamental materials research was sponsored by the Department of Defense. Various organizations and activities in parallel in industry (at Lincoln Laboratory, IBM, and General Electric) led to the development of the semiconductor laser in the early 1960s. 

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