Electromechanical actuators sensors

Spinks, G.M., and V.-T. Truong. 2005. Work-per-cycle analysis of electromechanical actuators. Sensor Actuator A-Phys 119 455-461. 

Metz P, Ahci G, SpinkS GM (2006) A finite element model for bending behaviour of conducting polymer electromechanical actuators. Sensors Actuators Phys 130 1-11. doi 10.1016/j. sna.2005.12.010... 

Nearly all domestic appliances are using more and more electronics. Mechanical functions are replaced by electronic devices, mainly sensors and electromechanical actuators (such as pumps or electromotors) and microelectronic control systems. 

Molecular electronics Electrical displays Chemical biochemical and thermal sensors Rechargeable batteries and solid electrolytes Drug release systems Optical computers Ion exchange membranes Electromechanical actuators Smart structures Switches... 

Electronic components, sensors Electromechanical actuators Displays, smart windows... 

In our postulation, how to automate machines in terms of operations will soon be a routine problem because of the technological maturity of actuators, sensors, and controllers. The application of automation technology will then focus on the issues of intelligence, integration, and autonomy. Another emerging trend involves the incorporation of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs) as sensors and controllers of automation and the microscale. However, education and training of workers who interact with intelligent and autonomous machines may be another important research issue in the future. 

G.M. Spinks, G.G. Wallace, L. Liu, and D. Zhou, Conducting polymers electromechanical actuators and strain sensors, Macromol. Symp., 192 (7th Pacific Polymer Conference, 2001), 161-169, (2003). 

IPMCs are smart materials that exhibit electromechanical (actuator) and mechanoelectrical (sensor) applications. Table 9.1 shows performance properties of state-of-the art IPMCs [5]. They bend quickly under a low voltage, as first reported by Oguro and his co-workers [6]. Later, Abe et al. introduced the important role of existent counter ions and their influence during the bending [7]. Asaka and Oguro introduced a theory of the actuation mechanisms [8] Shahinpoor and Kim demonstrated that the ionic polymer actuator performance depends on the type of cation [9] and further developed a two-step fabrication method [10] in accordance with their findings. In addition, other groups tried to incorporate various metals as electrode materials to articulate physical properties or electrical responses [11-14]. 

These basic equations form the so-called Poisson-Nemst-Planck (PNP) model for IPMCs and describe the fundamental physics wifliin the polymer membrane. A number of aufliors have developed electromechanical (actuator) and mechanoe-lectrical (sensor) models based on the PNP model as well as modified PNP models (Nemat-Nasser 2002 Nemat-Nasser and Zamani 2006 Wallmersperger et al. 2007 Zhang and Yang 2007 Porfiri 2008 Chen and Tan 2008 Aureli et al. 2009). This model will be described further in subsequent chapters of this book. 

CNTs are also widely used in actuators [168-171], The addition of CNTs to PANI fibers increased the electromechanical actuation because the CNTs improved the mechanical, electronic and electrochemical properties of the PANI fibers [172-174], Composites based on CNTs are studied for a variety of sensor applications [175-177], For example, polypyrrole or PANI deposited on single-walled CNT networks that can be used as solid state pH sensors [178], A DNA sensor was created fi om a composite of polypyrrole and CNTs fimctionalized with carboxylic groups to covalently immobilize DNA onto CNTs [179], In general, the presence of CNTs tends to increase the overall and selectivity of biosensors, The thermal transport properties of polymer composites can be improved with the addition of CNTs due to the excellent thermal conductivity of CNTs, Such composite are quite attractive for usages as printed circuit boards, connectors, thermal interface materials, heat sinks, lids, housings, etc, [92,180],... 

D. H. Dameron and J. O. LinviU, Cylindrical PVF2 electromechanical transducers. Sensors and Actuators 2, 73 (198171982X... 

Indeed, the titles and subjects in the PART II APPLICATIONS section of this book -Batteries, Light Emitting Diodes, Sensors, E/0 Dences, Microwave Attenuation, Electrochromics, Anti-Corrosion, Electromechanical Actuators, lithography. Catalysis, Drug Delivery, Membranes- speak for themselves in this respect. They show the astoundingly wide applications of these unique polymers. 

Another mode of sensing which falls into the gravimetric category is use of the electromechanical actuator property of CPs to construct "bimetallic" type strips or sensors, whose bending indicates presence of certain analytes. This property of CPs is discussed subsequently in this book in Chapter 21, and sensors based on it are also discussed therein. 

The major piezoelectric applications are sensors (pickups, keyboards, microphones, etc.), electromechanical transducers (actuators, vibrators, etc ), signal devices, and surface acoustic wave devices (resonators, traps, filters, etc ). Typical materials are ZnO, AIN, PbTiOg, LiTaOg, and Pb(Zr.Ti)03 (PZT). 

Carpi, F., Chiarelli, P., Mazzoldi, A., and De Rossi, D., Electromechanical characterisation of dielectric elastomer planar actuators Comparative evaluation of different electrode materials and different counterloads, Sensors Actuators, A107, 85, 2003. 

The class of ferroelectric materials have a lot of useful properties. High dielectric coefficients over a wide temperature and frequency range are used as dielectrics in integrated or in smd (surface mounted device) capacitors. The large piezoelectric effect is applied in a variety of electromechanical sensors, actuators and transducers. Infrared sensors need a high pyroelectric coefficient which is available with this class of materials. Tunable thermistor properties in semiconducting ferroelectrics are used in ptcr (positive temperature coefficient... 

Busch-Vishniac IJ (1999) Electromechanical sensors and actuators. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York... 

On the other hand, the heat fransfer literatiue of the last decade has demonstrated a vivid and growing interest in thermal analysis of flows in micro-channels, botii tiirough experimental and analytical approaches, in connection with cooling techniques of micro-electronics and witii tiie development of micro-electromechanical sensors and actuators (MEMS), as also pointed out in recent reviews [12-16]. Since tiie available analytical information on heat fransfer in ducts could not be directly extended to flows witiiin microch mels with wall slip, a number of contributions have been recentiy directed towards the analysis of internal forced convection in the micro-scale. In the paper by Barron et al. 

Carpi F, DeRossi D, Kombluh R, Pelrine R, Somer-Larsen P (2008) Dielectric elastomers as electromechanical transducers, fundamentals, materials, devices, models and applications of an emerging electroactive polymer technology. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam Chapter 7 Benslimane M, Kiil H-E, Tryson MJ (2010) Electromechanical properties of novel large strain PolyPower film and laminate components for DEAP actuator and sensor applications. Proc SPIE 7642 764231... 

Mohamed B, Kill H-E, Tryson MJ (2010) Electromechanical properties of novel large strain PolyPower film and laminate components for DEAP actuator and sensor applications. Proc SPIE 7642 764231... 

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