Electrokinetics and Bioremediation

enhancement of contaminant bioavailability through electrokinetic mobilization, 

increase of restricted soil bacteria mobility by electrokinetic transport processes, 

electrokinetic-induced mass transfer and transport of ionic electron acceptors and nutrients, and 

electrochemical production of limited electron donors (H2) and acceptors (O2). 

1 Electrobioremediation Mobilization of Hydrocarbons and Increase of Bacteria Mobility 

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Electrokinetically enhanced bioremediation is an in situ process for the treatment of soils and groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and other compounds easily biodegraded under anaerobic conditions. Bench-scale tests have shown that the apphcation of an electric field provides electrokinetic transport of nutrients and biodegrading bacteria to areas of contamination. In addition, microbial growth is enhanced, nitrate transport can be predicted, and beneficial temperature increases can be achieved to areas of contamination. 

Suni S, Mahnen E, Kosonen J, Sflvennomen H, Romantschuk M. (2007). Electrokinetically enhanced bioremediation of creosote-contaminated soil Laboratory and field studies. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 42 277-287. 

According to Lohner [4], the potential benefits of electrokinetic and electrochemical processes coupled with bioremediation include enhancement of pollutant bioavaUabUity by means of electrokinetic mobilization, increase of restricted soil bacteria mobility by electrokinetic transport processes, electrokinetic-induced mass transfer and transport of ionic electron acceptors and nutrients, and electrochemical production of limited electron donors (H2) and acceptors (O2). 

T0430 ISOTRON Corporation, Electrokinetic Decontamination Process T0466 Krudico, Inc., Ion Exchange Resins for Nitrate and Perchlorate T0470 Lambda Bioremediation Systems, Inc., Bioremediation... 

The total costs for using the Electrokinetic soil cleaning technology range from 20 to 100/yd of treated media. The vendor estimated that the costs for an electrokineticaUy enhanced bioremediation project would range from 10 to 90/yd. The costs will vary based on the site s specific chemical and hydraulic properties. The unit price for this technology is dependent on ... 

Electrokinetic transport is a patented, in situ, commercially available technology for the bioremediation of organic contaminants in aquifer soils and groundwater. The technology involves the application of a direct electrical current across the area to be treated to facilitate the movement of biodegrading bacteria to the site of contamination. 

Pool Process electrokinetic remediation (Pool Process) is a patented, commercially available technology for the removal of heavy metals and other ionic contaminants. The technology uses a series of electrodes placed in contaminated media to recover ionic contaminants in situ or ex situ from soils, muds, groundwater, dredgings, and other materials. The Pool Process can also be used to enhance bioremediation of media contaminated with a combination of ionic and nonionic organic contaminants. 

The treatment methods for remediation of energetic materials from soils are divided on in situ and ex situ biological (bioremediation, phytoremediation, composting), in situ and ex situ physico-chemical (adsorption, oxidation, electrokinetic separation, extraction, solidification, reduction, soil washing), in situ and ex situ thermal (pyrolysis, desorption) [1]. Among the above described... 

Radio frequency heating, 500 Steam stripping, 500 Vacuum extraction, 500 Aeration, 501 Bioremediation, 501 Soil flushing/washing, 502 Surfactant enhancements, 502 Cosolvents, 502 Electrokinetics, 503 Hydraulic and pneumatic fracturing, 503 Treatment walls, 505 Supercritical Water Oxidation, 507 Solid Solution Theory, 202 Solubility products, 48-53 Metal carbonates, 433-434 Metal hydroxides, 429-433 Metal sulfides, 437 Sorption, 167 See Adsorption Specific adsorption, 167 See Chemisorption Stem Layer, 152-154 Sulfate, 261... 

Reddy, K. R., Chinthamreddy, S., Saichek, R. E., and Cutright, T. J. (2003c). Nutrient amendment for the bioremediation of a chromium-contaminated soil be electrokinetics. Energy Sources 25(9), 931-943. 

Electrokinetics has been applied to remove nitrate from soil to protect groundwater and to enhance bioremediation of soil contaminated by other pollutants. In this section, nitrate is treated as a pollutant in Section 6.3.3, it is treated as a nutrient. 

An accelerated desorption and movement of phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in unsaturated soils was achieved by using nonuniform electrokinetics (Luo et al, 2005). Electromigration and EOF were the main driving forces, and their roles in the mobilization of phenol and 2,4-DCP varied with soil pFI. In sandy loam, 2,4-DCP moved between 1.0 and 1.5cm/(day V) slower toward the anode than in the kaolin soU, and about 0.5cm/(day V) greater than phenol in the sandy loam (Fig. 10.7). When the sandy loam was adjusted to pH 9.3, the movements of phenol and 2,4-DCP toward the anode were about two and five times faster than those at pH 7.7, respectively. The movement of phenol and 2,4-DCP in soils can be easily controlled by regulating the operational mode of electric field. The nonuniform electric field could enhance the in situ bioremediation process by promoting the mass... 

COUPLING ELECTROKINETICS TO THE BIOREMEDIATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS... 

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