Electrochemical synthesis nanowires

The fabrication of polypyrrole wires via electropolymerization within poly(methyl methacrylate) nanochannels on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate was reported by Chen et al. [53]. The electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole was performed by a cyclic voltammetry method in aqueous 0.1 M NaC104 containing 0.1 M pyrrole monomer. The potential was scanned 10 times between -0.7 and +0.6 V vs. Pt at a scan rate of 100 mV s . The nanochannels act as templates for electropolymerization of polypyrrole nanowires. 

Jerome, G., and R. Jerome. 1998. Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed 37 2488. 

Controlled electrochemical synthesis of conductive polymer nanotubes in a porous alumina template has been studied as a function of monomer concentration and potential in the case of PEDOT the electropolymerization leads either to solid nanowires or to hollow nanotubes depending on the template pore diameter, the applied oxidation potential and the monomer concentration [265], Nanowires are formed at slow reaction rate and high concentration monomer supply in fact monomeric molecules should have enough time to diffuse into and fill the pores, from the bulk solution. On the other hand, nanotubes are predominantly formed with fast reaction rate and low monomer concentration, because the monomers that diffuse from the bulk solution can be deposited along the pore wall thanks to the interaction of the polymer with the wall surface. 

PAC, then used to obtain earbon wires upon pyrolysis, in a mesoporous aluminosilicate host/ This extremely high resolution would not be easy to obtain even in a planar configuration and by means of eostly and low-throughput, serial lithography approaches sueh as EBL. Hollow PAN nanotubules ean also be produced as mentioned above, as well as almost monodisperse, eonductive nanowires of PPy, which are demonstrated both in polyearbonate and in alumina membranes. Other systems nanostructured by means of template electrochemical synthesis inelude eopolymers of divinylbenzene and ethylvinyl-benzene, ° and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), whose nanotubules growth follows mechanisms that are dependent on the used oxidation potential (Figure 3.9). ... 

Besides the aforementioned templates, many other research groups have developed their own template-based electrochemical synthesis techniques. For example, photolithography methods such as the lithographically patterned nanoscale electrodeposition (LPNE) method developed by Penner are excellent ways to produce nanostructures with controllable dimensions. - With this process, the Penner group has been able to produce nanowires with length scales in the macroscale while still maintaining precise control over the nanowires height and width with resolutions in the tens of nanometers." ... 

Al Zoubi, M. Al-Sahnan, R. El Abedin, S. Z. Li, Y. Endres, F. Electrochemical synthesis of gallium nanowires and macroporous structures in an ionic liquid. ChemPhysChem 2011, 12, 2751-2754. 

Endres, F. Liu, Z. Shapouri, M. El Abedin, S. Z. Electrochemical synthesis of vertically aligned zinc nanowires using track etched polycarbonate membranes as templates. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 11362-11367. 

Ionic liquids (substituted imidazolium salts) were utilized in the electrochemical synthesis of PEEKTT films with specific structural or morphological features randomly oriented nanofibers and particles in submicrometersized domains with EMI-bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, the structure of a solid polymer actuator with PEDOT layer on the surface of a solid nitrile rubber-BMI/BH-mixture, single strand nanowires with BMI-hexafluorophosphate, and codeposited polypyrrole/PEEXDT in BMI-BTI. ... 

Li Q, Walter EC, van der Veer WE, Murray BJ, Newberg JT, Bohannan EW, Switzer JA, Hemminger JC, Penner RM (2005) Molybdenum disulfide nanowires and nanoribbons by electrochemical/chemical synthesis. J Phys Chem B 109 3169-3182 Tenne R, Homyonfer M, Feldman Y (1998) Nanoparticles of layered compounds with hollow cage structures (inorganic fuUerene-like structures). Chem Mater 10 3225-3238 Shibahara T (1993) Syntheses of sulphur-bridged molybdenum and tungsten coordination compounds. Coord Chem Rev 123 73-147... 

Zach MP, Inazu K, Ng KH, Hemminger JC, Penner RM (2002) Synthesis of molybdenum nanowires with millimeter-scale lengths using electrochemical step edge decoration. Chem Mater 14 3206-3216. 

Li Q, Walter EC, van der Veer WE, Murray BJ, Newberg IT, Bohannan EW, Switzer lA, Hemminger JC, Penner RM (2005) Molybdenum disulfide nanowires and nanoribbons by electrochemical/chemical synthesis. J Phys Chem B 109 3169-3182... 

Yonghong N, li Hua, Jin Lina, Hong Jianming (2009) Synthesis of ID Cu(OH)2 nanowires and transition to 3D CuO microstructures under ultrasonic irradiation, and their electrochemical property. Cryst Growth Des 9(9) 3868-3873... 

Apart from the traditional organic and combinatorial/high-throughput synthesis protocols covered in this book, more recent applications of microwave chemistry include biochemical processes such as high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2], rapid enzyme-mediated protein mapping [3], and general enzyme-mediated organic transformations (biocatalysis) [4], Furthermore, microwaves have been used in conjunction with electrochemical [5] and photochemical processes [6], and are also heavily employed in polymer chemistry [7] and material science applications [8], such as in the fabrication and modification of carbon nanotubes or nanowires [9]. 

The variety of porous solid materials that can be used as templates for nanostructure synthesis has been reviewed by Ozin (1992). In the template-assisted synthesis of nanowires, the pores or voids of the template are filled with the chosen material using a number of approaches. Nanowires have been derived via pressure injection, electrochemical deposition, and vapor deposition, as described in the following sections. 

---