Capacitors hybrid electrochemical

Jarvis L.P., Terrill B.A., and Cygan P.J. (1999) Fuel cell/electrochemical capacitor hybrid for intermittent high power applications . Journal of Power Sources, 79, 60-63. 

B.N. (2005) A mathematical model for a lithium-ion battery/electrochemical capacitor hybrid system. /. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (8), A1682-A1693. 

The detailed research and development on the promising hybrid system for electrochemical capacitors with conducting polymers is described in paper [9]. Besides the main electrochemical process (Figure 7), the side... 

Graphene-metal oxide hybrids for lithium ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors... 

Electrochemical capacitors have been studied for many years. The first patents date back to 1957, where a capacitor based on high surface area carbon was described by Becker. Later in 1969 first attempts to market such devices were undertaken by Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO). However, only in the 1990s did electrochemical capacitors become famous in the context of hybrid electric vehicles. The electrochemical capacitor (EC) was supposed to boost the battery or the fuel cell in the hybrid electric vehicle to provide the necessaiy power for acceleration, and additionally allow for recuperation of brake energy (Viswanathan, 2006). 

An electrochemical capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in the electrical double layer that forms at the interface between an electrolytic solution and an electronic conductor. The term applies to charged carbon—carbon systems as well as carbon-battery electrode and conducting polymer electrode combinations sometimes called ultracapacitors, supercapacitors, or hybrid capacitors. 

Hybrid Polymer-Aerogel Nanoarchitectures as Electrochemical Capacitors... 

Miller JR, Klementov A, Butler S. Electrochemical capacitor reliability in heavy hybrid vehicles. Proceedings of the 15th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Similar Energy Storage Devices, Deerfield Beach, FL, 2005, p. 218. 

Recent developments include the use of hybrid electrochemical capacitors, in which intercalations compounds (Li/ri Oij) were used as the negative material and activated carbon was used as the positive material (Amatucci et al., 2001). Cheng et al. (2006) have recently reported a P-FeOOH-based hybrid capacitor where the iron hydroxide, acting as negative electrode, is assembled with activated carbon positive electrode in ethylene carbonatc/di methyl carbonate with 1.0 M LiPFg electrolyte. 

This chapter describes the fundamentals of different kinds of electrochemical capacitors (ESs), including electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors, and hybrid ESs. This serves as a foundation for understanding ES science... 

Conway, B. E., and W. G. Pell. 2003. Double-layer and pseudocapacitance types of electrochemical capacitors and their applications to the development of hybrid devices. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 7 637-644. 

Aida, T., I. Murayama, K. Yamada, and M. Morita. 2007. High-energy-density hybrid electrochemical capacitor using graphitizable carbon activated with KOH for positive electrode. Journal of Power Sources 166 462-470. 

Deng, L. J., Z. P. Hao, J. F. Wang et al. 2013. Preparation and capacitance of graphene/ multiwall carbon nanotubes/Mn02 hybrid material for high-performance asymmetrical electrochemical capacitor. Electrochimica Acta 89 191-198. 

Lekitima, J. N., K. I. Ozoemena, C. J. Jafta et al. 2013. High-performance aqueous asymmetric electrochemical capacitors based on graphene oxide/cobalt((II))-tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine hybrids. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1 2821-2826. 

Mosqueda, H. A., O. Crosnier, L. Athouel et al. 2010. Electrolytes for hybrid carbon-Mn02 electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta 55 7479-7483. 

Makino, S., Y. Shinohara, T. Ban et al. 2012. 4 V class aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitor with battery-like capacity. RSC Advances 2 12144-12147. 

Shimizu, W., S. Makino, K. Takahashi, N. Imanishi, and W. Sugimoto. 2013. Development of a 4.2 V aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitor based on Mn02 positive and protected Li negative electrodes. Journal of Power Sources 241 572-577. 

Park, J.H., and 0.0. Park. 2002. Hybrid electrochemical capacitors based on polyaniline and activated carbon electrodes. J Power Sources 111 185. 

First, it is worth noting that some polythiophene derivatives do not display good n-doping behavior. This is the case for unsubstituted polythiophene, poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Nonetheless, it will be shown below that they could be useful as positive electrode materials in hybrid electrochemical capacitors. 

Several types of NiO or Ni(OH)2 electrode such as flowerUke [3], mesoporous [4], nanotubes [5], and nanorod [6] were investigated as active materials for electrochemical capacitors. These Ni oxide electrodes are combined with carbon negative electrodes to construct the hybrid capacitors with high capacity and power density [2]. However, there still remaining serious problems with life cycle, reducibility, long-term stability, etc. It would need some more innovation for the practical use of these high-performance electrode materials. 

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