Electrical and gas supplies

This article addresses the above listed problems and related issues, offers recommendations for their rational solution. Namely, it has been defined that the main priorities of transit countries in the South Caucasus region in a foreseeable future are diversification of imported fuel supply, enhanced use of local energy sources, improved self-sufficiency by rehabilitation/renovation of existing electricity and gas supply chains, and the planning of strategic reserves combining water, liquid fuel and gas. 

Improved self-sufficiency by rehabilitation/renovation of existing electricity and gas supply chains... 

Electrical and gas supply system records >- Portable electrical appliance test records >- Details of numbers of employees/others who may be on site... 

There is no inherent conflict between the liberalization of electricity and gas sectors that meet reasonable supply security goals as long as the appropriate market, industry structure, market design, and regulatory institutions are... 

Left to themselves, markets will expand and erode monopoly positions, but it can take time. This is especially true in electricity and gas where transportation costs can be high and innovation is slow. Public policies can speed up the process by decreasing barriers to trade and to entry. This is the reason why the EU internal energy market was created in 1996. Note that the opening of electricity and gas to competition also requires the creation of a complex series of related markets that must be designed. They bear esoteric names such as day-ahead markets, balancing markets, capacity payments markets, as well as institutions such as explicit auctions, and market coupling. Whenever they are badly conceived or implemented, trade is less efficient and usable cross-border interconnection capacity reduced. Competition is hindered and thus security of supply is reduced. 

The term critical infrastmcture is often used for technological networks, such as electric supply, transport services, water supply, oil and gas supply, banking and finance, and information and communication technology (ICT) systems (Doorman et al. 2006 Rostum et al. 2008 Rinaldi et al. 2001 Kroger 2008). Since failures in these systems can cause major damage to population, economy or national security, there is a need for risk analysis of critical infrastmctures. 

Types of Critical Infrastructure analyzed (banking and finance, electric power systems, emergency services, oil and gas supply systems, etc.) ... 

Applications automotive (compressed air systems, hydraulic systems, electrical, lighting, cooling and climate control, fuel systems, powertrain chassis), connectors, electrical equipment, film, industry consumer goods (housewares, hydraulics pneumatics, mechanical engineering, medical devices, sanitary, water and gas supply, sports leisure, tools accessories) ... 

As part of a Process Hazards Analysis (PHA). I was required to check a naturally ventilated building containing electrical equipment and a fuel gas supply, for adequate air flow due to thermal forces (stack effect). API RP 500 has a method that they recommend for buildings of l,000fP or less. The building in question was much larger, because ... 

Consumption in the transportation sector historically has been less than either the industrial sector or the residential and commercial sector, but it is of greater concern because consumption is almost entirely petroleum as opposed to a mix of petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. And because electricity can be generated from a number of different sources, and because there is greater opportunity to substitute one source of energy for another in generating electricity, the price and supply security that exists in other sectors does not apply to the transportation sector. 

Natural gas must always be contained in appropriate pipes or vessels and precautions taken to ensure that leakage cannot occur. If a gas leak does occur, the main gas supply should be shut off, the area ventilated and the gas supplier informed. Electrical switches should not be turned on or off, portable electrical appliances including handheld torches should not be operated and all other possible sources of ignition removed or rendered inoperable and the affected area ventilated. In circumstances of excessive leakage, the building should be evacuated. 

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