Solvent extraction electrically enhanced

Solvent extraction has long been established as a basic unit operation for chemical separations. Chapter 7 summarizes the effects of temperature, pH, ion pairs, and solvent selection on solvent extraction for biomolecules. Solvent extraction of fermentation products such as alcohols, aliphatic carboxylic acids, amino acids, and antibiotics are discussed. Enhanced solvent extraction using reversed micelles and electrical fields are also discussed. Solvent-extraction equipment and operational considerations are adequately covered in this chapter. 

Electrical fields have been applied to solvent extraction. The following mass transfer enhancements were mentioned by Weatherley et al.52 ... 

Membrane technology may become essential if zero-discharge mills become a requirement or legislation on water use becomes very restrictive. The type of membrane fractionation required varies according to the use that is to be made of the treated water. This issue is addressed in Chapter 35, which describes the apphcation of membrane processes in the pulp and paper industry for treatment of the effluent generated. Chapter 36 focuses on the apphcation of membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment. Chapter 37 describes the apphcations of hollow fiber contactors in membrane-assisted solvent extraction for the recovery of metallic pollutants. The apphcations of membrane contactors in the treatment of gaseous waste streams are presented in Chapter 38. Chapter 39 deals with an important development in the strip dispersion technique for actinide recovery/metal separation. Chapter 40 focuses on electrically enhanced membrane separation and catalysis. Chapter 41 contains important case studies on the treatment of effluent in the leather industry. The case studies cover the work carried out at pilot plant level with membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis. Development in nanofiltration and a case study on the recovery of impurity-free sodium thiocyanate in the acrylic industry are described in Chapter 42. 

Pulse electric field is a technique which uses brief pulses of a strong electric field to perforate the cell wall or membrane. This method has already been applied on microalgae for lipid extraction. Zbinden et al. utilized PEF as a process intensification strategy to enhance lipid extraction from Ankistrodesmus falcatus wet biomass using a green solvent, ethyl acetate. 2 In another study, application of PEF on Auxenochlorella protothecoi-des led to a spontaneous release of intracellular products. ... 

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